Karcinom prostaty, močového měchýře a ledviny patří k nejčastějším maligním onemocněním. Riziko všech těchto zhoubných nádorů narůstá s přibývajícím věkem. Ve stárnoucí populaci vyspělých zemí představuje uroonkologie závažný medicínský problém. Přehledný článek shrnuje současné poznatky o epidemiologii. diagnostice a léčbě těchto onemocněni s akcentem na šetrné postupy vhodné pro starší nemocné., Carcinomas of prostate, urinary bladder and kidney are common malignancies. Risk of these malignant tumors is increasing in the old age. Urooncological diseases represent serious problem in the aging population of advanced countries. The article gives an overview and short summary of recent opinions on epidemiology, diagnostic and treatment of these tumors especially in the older age., Ivan Kolombo, Pavel Beňo, Michal Toběrný, and Lit. 19
Endogenous regulators, such as angiotensin-II (AngII), endothelin-1 (ET-1) and urotensin-II (U-II) are released from various cell types and their plasma levels are elevated in several cardiovascular diseases. The present study evaluated a potential crosstalk between these systems by investigating if the myocardial effects of U-II are modulated by AngII or ET-1. Effects of U-II (10-8 , 10 -7 , 10 -6 M) were tested in rabbit papillary muscles in the absence and in the presence of losartan (selective AT1 receptor antagonist), PD-145065 ( nonselective ET-1 receptors antagonist), losartan plus PD-145065, AngII or ET-1. U-II promoted concentration-dependent negative inotropic and lusitropic effects that were abolished in all experimental conditions. Also, U-II increased resting muscle length up to 1.008±0.002 L/Lmax. Correcting it to its initial value resulted in a 19.5±3.5 % decrease of resting tension, indicating increased muscle distensibility. This effect on muscle length was completely abolished in the presence of losartan and significantly attenuated by PD-145065 or losartan plus PD-145065. This effect was increased in the presence of AngII, resulting in a 27.5±3.9 % decrease of resting tension, but was unaffected by the presence of ET-1. This study demonstrated an interaction of the U-II system with the AngII and ET-1 systems in terms of regulation of systolic and diastolic function., A. P. Fontes-Sousa ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) is an inherited disorder of heme biosynthesis caused by partial ferrochelatase deficiency, resulting in protoporphyrin overproduction which is responsible for painful skin photosensitivity. Chronic liver disease is the most severe complication of EPP, requiring liver transplantation in some patients. Data from a
mouse model suggest that cytotoxic bile formation with high concentrations of bile salts and protoporphyrin may cause biliary fibrosis by damaging bile duct epithelium. In humans, cholestasis is a result of intracellular and canalicular precipitation of protoporphyrin. To limit liver damage two strategies may be considered: the first is to reduce protoporphyrin production and the second is to enhance protoporphyrin excretion. Bile salts are known to increase protoporphyrin excretion via the bile, while heme arginate is used to decrease the production of porphyrins in acute attacks of hepatic porphyrias. The Griseofulvin-induced protoporphyria mouse model has been used to study several aspects of human protoporphyria including the effects of bile salts. However,
the best EPP animal model is an ethylnitrosourea-induced point mutation with fully recessive transmission, named ferrochelatase deficiency (Fech
m1Pas). Here we investigate the effect of early ursodesoxycholic acid (UDCA) administration and heme-arginate injections on the ferrochelatase deficient EPP mouse model. In this model UDCA administration and heme-arginate injections do not improve the protoporphyric condition of
Fechm1Pas/Fechm1Pas mice.
In this paper the concept of a fuzzy contraction∗ mapping on a fuzzy metric space is introduced and it is proved that every fuzzy contraction∗ mapping on a complete fuzzy metric space has a unique fixed point.
Computed tomography (CT) is an effective diagnostic modality for three-dimensional imaging of bone structures, including the geometry of their defects. The aim of the study was to create and optimize 3D geometrical and real plastic models of the distal femoral component of the knee with joint surface defects. Input data included CT images of stifle joints in twenty miniature pigs with iatrogenic osteochondrosis-like lesions in medial femoral condyle of the left knee. The animals were examined eight and sixteen weeks after surgery. Philips MX 8000 MX and View workstation were used for scanning parallel plane cross section slices and Cartesian discrete volume creation. On the average, 100 slices were performed in each stifle joint. Slice matrices size was 512 x 512 with slice thickness of 1 mm. Pixel (voxel) size in the slice plane was 0.5 mm (with average accuracy of ± 0.5 mm and typical volume size 512 × 512 × 100 voxels). Three-dimensional processing of CT data and 3D geometrical modelling, using interactive computer graphic system MediTools formerly developed here, consisted of tissue segmentation (raster based method combination and 5 % of manual correction), vectorization by the marching-cubes method, smoothing and decimation. Stifle- joint CT images of three individuals of different body size (small, medium and large) were selected to make the real plastic models of their distal femurs from plaster composite using rapid prototyping technology of Zcorporation. Accuracy of the modeling was ± 0.5 mm. The real plastic models of distal femurs can be used as a template for developing custom made press and fit scaffold implants seeded with mesenchymal stem cells that might be subsequently implanted into iatrogenic joint surface defects for articular cartilage-repair enhancement., P. Krupa, P. Kršek, M. Javorník, O. Dostál, R. Srnec, D. Usvald, P. Proks, H. Kecová, E. Amler, J. Jančář, P. Gál, L. Plánka, A. Nečas., and Obsahuje bibliografii
In the pulmonary circulation, resistive and compliant properties
overlap in the same vessels. Resistance varies nonlinearly with
pressure and flow; this relationship is driven by the elastic
properties of the vessels. Linehan et al. (1982) correlated the
mean pulmonary arterial pressure and mean flow with resistance
using an original equation incorporating the distensibility of the
pulmonary arteries. The goal of this study was to validate this
equation in an in vivo porcine model. In vivo measurements were
acquired in 6 pigs. The distensibility coefficient (DC) was
measured by placing piezo-electric crystals around the pulmonary
artery (PA). In addition to experiments under pulsatile conditions,
a right ventricular (RV) bypass system was used to induce
a continuous pulmonary flow state. The Linehan's equation was
then used to predict the pressure from the flow under continuous
flow conditions. The diameter-derived DC was 2.4 %/mmHg
(±0.4 %), whereas the surface area-based DC was 4.1 %/mmHg
(±0.1 %). An increase in continuous flow was associated with
a constant decrease in resistance, which correlated with the
diameter-based DC (r=-0.8407, p=0.044) and the surface areabased DC (r=-0.8986, p=0.028). In contrast to the Linehan’s
equation, our results showed constant or even decreasing
pressure as flow increased. Using a model of continuous
pulmonary flow induced by an RV assist system, pulmonary
pressure could not be predicted based on the flow using the
Linehan’s equation. Measurements of distensibility based on the
diameter of the PA were inversely correlated with the resistance.