Článek popisuje metodu výuky, která kotví fyzikální poznatky v konkrétním reprezentativním příkladu vycházejícím z reálného pokusu a jeho heuristicky pojatém rozboru., A teaching method is described which anchors physical knowledge in a particular representative example, based on a real experiment and its heuristically conceived analysis., Milan Rojko., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
V článku jsou prezentovány základní přístupy při získávání metrologické návaznosti při měření rozměrů objektů v nano- a mikroměřítku. Klíčovou metodou je využití primárních etalonů délky, kterými jsou stabilizované lasery. Alternativou je využití dobře známých vlastností některých materiálů, jako je mřížková konstanta křemíku., This article presents the basic approaches for obtaining traceability of metrological measurements for objects at the nanoscale and microscale. This includes the use of primary length standards and the use of known material constants, such as the inter-atomic distance in silicon., Petr Klapetek., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Eight laureates of the Premium of Otto Wichterle in physical and related scientific disciplines are introduced in this article, whom obtained this award from the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic in 2014 during the ceremonial held in the Villa Lanna in Prague. Their professional CV, scientific, pedagogical and other activities are presented, including their best five publications of their own choice., Jarmila Kodymová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Atomic nuclei are objects with a complicated internal structure but many aspects of their behavior can be understood in terms of relatively simple models. Since early times in nuclear physics many nuclear models have been developed. Among them, two basic types are of special importance. The shell model which converts the nuclear many-body problem to the independent movement of particles in a potential well, and the collective model which describes low energy excitations as the manifestation of the coherent motion of nucleons. In the article we review, in a nutshell, basic ideas which significantly influenced our understanding of nuclear phenomena., Atómové jadrá sú komplexné objekty so zaujímavými vlastnosťami a bohatou vnútornou štruktúrou, Dôležité informácie o dejoch vnútri jadier sa dozvedáme zo štúdia ich spektier a skúmaním jadrových reakcií. Pochopenie dejov vnútri jadier je nevyhnutnou podmienkou pre ich využitie v jadrovej energetike, medicínskych aplikáciách ale aj pre porozumenie procesom produkcie prvkov vo hviezdach., and František Knapp.
Random walks are geberic models used in many branches of physics. Its quantum analogues attracted recently interest due to its potential applications in quantum information and quantum transport. We review the basic ideas behind discrete quantum walks and comment on its full optical implementation. The algorithmic applications are briefly discussed., Václav Potoček, Martin Štefaňák, Aurél Gábris, Igor Jex., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Photography started to be applied in sciences shortly after the announcement of the daguerreotype in 1839 and become one of the most important supporting disciplines for science. This review concentrates on the history of scientific research on photographing processes which was conducted at Charles University. The most important was development of sensitometry which started by work of Vojtěch Šafařík (1829-1902) who thoroughly studied the dry proces. Photographic work in the Institute of Physics (IP) of the Czech part of "Carlo-Ferdinand University" was initiated due to studies of X-rays (from 1895) and later the Institute of Photochemistry and Scientific Photography was founded within IP by Professor Viktorin Vojtěch (1879-1948). In 1950-s this institute disappear and splitted into chemical part (colloidal chemistry and photochemistry) at Faculty of Natural Sciences and physical part (photophysics, studies of latent image and silver halogenides) at Faculty of Mathematics and Physics under leadership of Professor Ladislav Zachoval (1906-1982). His follower Professor Karel Vacek then turned interest from scientific photography into modern subjects of chemical physics and biophysics., Jan Valenta., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The neutron time-of-flight spectrometer (NEAT) at Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin has a long history of successful application for studying dynamics and function over very broad time and space domains ranging from 10-14 to 10-10 seconds and from 0.05 up to approximately 5 nanometres, respectively. Started originally in 1995 as NEAT I, NEAT II has been fully rebuilt in order to address the needs of the user community for more powerful instruments. From the end of January 2017 researchers from all over the world will be able to investigate the structure and dynamics of substances, including under extreme conditions., Veronika Grzimek, Gerrit Günther, Margarita Russina:., and Obsahuje seznam literatury