The review concerns a number of basic molecular pathways that play a crucial role in perception, transmission, and modulation of the stress signals, and mediate the adaptation of the vital processes in the cardiovascular system (CVS). These highly complex systems for intracellular transfer of information include stress hormones and their receptors, stress-activated phosphoprotein kinases, stress-activated heat shock proteins, and antioxidant enzymes maintaining oxidoreductive homeostasis of the CVS. Failure to compensate for the deleterious effects of stress may result in the development of different pathophysiological states of the CVS, such as ischemia, hypertension, atherosclerosis and infarction. Stress-induced dysbalance in each of the CVS molecular signaling systems and their contribution to the CVS malfunctioning is reviewed. The general picture of the molecular mechanisms of the stress-induced pathophysiology in the CVS pointed out the importance of stress duration and intensity as etiological factors, and suggested that future studies should be complemented by the careful insights into the individual factors of susceptibility to stress, prophylactic effects of 'healthy' life styles and beneficial action of antioxidant-rich nutrition., S. B. Pajović, M. B. Radojčić, D. T. Kanazir., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Neuroendokrinní nádory představují heterogenní skupinu nádorů s velmi odlišnými vlastnostmi. Od správné diagnózy typu nádoru se odvíjí i specifická léčba. V současné době k armamentáriu v terapii těchto nádorů patří nejen výkony chirurgické, lokální léčba jaterních metastáz a ve vybraných případech chemoterapie, ale zaznamenáváme výrazné pokroky i v cílené biologické léčbě, včetně antiproliferativního efektu somatostatinových analog, TKI a M-TOR inhibitorů. Značný pokrok učinila i léčba otevřenými zářiči navázanými na analoga somatostatinu., Neuroendocrine tumors are a heterogeneous group of tumors with very different properties. A correct diagnosis of tumor type leads to specific treatment. Current treatment options for these tumors include not only surgery, local therapy for hepatic metastases and, in selected cases, chemotherapy, but significant advances have been achieved in targeted biological therapy, including the antiproliferative effect of somatostatin analogs, TKIs and mTOR inhibitors. Major progress has also been made in therapy with unsealed sources coupled to somatostatin analogs., Eva Sedláčková, and Literatura 15
Autoři předkládají přehledový článek shrnující současný pohled na diagnostiku a léčbu neuroendokrinních nádorů pankreatu. Zmiňují aktuální TNM klasifikaci těchto neoplazií. Ze zobrazovacích metod podtrhují důležitost CT, MRI, EUS a octreotidové scintigrafie. V léčbě zdůrazňují snahu o radikální (R0) resekci, která přináší nejlepší dlouhodobé výsledky. Připouštějí i možnost debulking resekcí a transplantace jater v případě resekabilního origa a neresekabilních jaterních metastáz. Poukazují na rozdílnou prognózu pankreatických neuroendokrinních nádorů a karcinomu pankreatu. Zdůrazňují nutnost mezioborové spolupráce, kterou dokládají dvěma kazuistikami pacientů s lokálně neresekabilním a metastatickým nádorem., The authors put forward a review article summarizing current opinion in diagnostics and therapy of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. They present actual TNM classification of these tumors highlighting CT, MRI, EUS and octreoscan as standard imaging methods. In the field of therapy, radical, R0 resection, which brings the best overall survival, is accented. They also accept the possibility of debulking resections and liver transplantation in the cases of local advanced and metastatic disease respectively. They point out the different prognosis of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and pancreatic cancer. At the end the authors emphasize the importace of multimodal aproach and cooperation, which is demonstrated in two case reports., Zdeněk Kala, Jan Hlavsa, Vladimír Procházka, Petr Kysela, Filip Marek, Roman Svatoň, and Lit.: 24
Článek uvádí přehled současných poznatků o žaludečních neuroendokrinních nádorech. Jde o heterogenní skupinu zahrnující 3 typy, které se odlišují svým biologickým chováním a léčebným přístupem. Typ 1 vzniká na podkladě chronické korporální atrofické gastritidy, je relativně málo maligní, léčba spočívá v endoskopickém odstranění drobných nádorů, u větších lézí či infiltrativních forem je nutná resekce žaludku, výjimečně gastrektomie. Typ 2 vzniká v rámci Zollinger-Ellisonova syndromu. Oba uvedené typy jsou gastrin-dependentní. Naproti tomu typ 3 je solitární nádor, vznikající bez závislosti na gastrinu, jeho maligní potenciál je značný. Nádor nutno léčit chirurgicky, u pokročilých forem je nezbytná paliativní terapie., The paper presents recent opinions on gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms. This is a heterogeneus group including three types that distinguish in their biological behaviour, and require different therapeutical approach. Type 1 arises in setting of chronic corporal atrophic gastritis, malignant potential of this type is lower, this type 1 tumour may be treated with endoscopic removal of multiple small tumour lesions. Gastric resection is indicated in larger lesions with infiltrative pattern of growth. Gastrectomy is rarely indicated. Type 2 arises as consequence of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Both above-mentioned type are gastrin-dependent. Type 3 is a solitary, gastrin-independent tumour with higher malignant potential. Surgery is treatment of choice, palliative therapy is indicated in advanced, generalized cases., Oldřich Louthan, and Literatura
Neuroendokrinní tumory (NET) jsou poměrně vzácné tumory charakterizované schopností tvořit a uvolňovat různé peptidové hormony a bioaktivní aminy, jejichž produkce ovlivňuje klinický obraz nemoci. V jejich diagnostice se vedle konvenčních zobrazovacích metod uplatňuje i funkční zobrazení pomocí různých radiofarmak (u nás dostupný 123I/131I-MIBG, 111In- či 99mTc-analogy somatostatinu a 18F-FDG). U pacientů s NET rezistentními k systémové terapii je indikována terapie pomocí otevřených zářičů., Neuroendocrine tumors (NET) are relatively rare tumors characterized by their ability to produce and release different peptide hormones and bioctive amines, the effect of which influenced the clinical picture of the disease. Functional imaging with different radiopharmaceuticals (in the Czech republic available I-123/I-131 MIBG, In-111 or Tc-99m labeled analogs of somatostatin and F-18 FDG) is used besides conventional imaging methods in their diagnosis., Hana Křížová, and Literatura 4
Neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE), which is induced by acute spinal cord compression (SCC) unde r the mild (1.5 %) isoflurane anesthesia, is highly dependent on baroreflex-mediated bradycardia because a deeper (3 %) isoflurane anesthesia or atropine pretreatment comple tely abolished bradycardia occurrence and NPE development in rats subjected to SCC. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether hypertension- associated impairment of baroreflex sensitivity might exert some protection against NPE developmen t in hypertensive animals. We therefore studied SCC-induced NPE development in two forms of experimental hypertension - spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and salt hypertensive Dahl rats, which were reported to have reduced baroreflex sensitivity. SCC elicited NPE in both hypertensive models irrespective of their baroreflex sensitivity. It is evident that a moderate impairment of baroreflex sensitivity, which was demonstrated in salt hypertensive Dahl rats, does not exert sufficient protective effects against NPE development., J. Šedý, J. Kuneš, J. Zicha., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Neurohumoral substances and their receptors play a major part in the complex regulation of gastrointestinal motility and have therefore been the predominant targets for drug development. The numerous receptors involved in motility are located mainly on smooth muscle cells and neuronal structures in the extrinsic and intrinsic parts of the enteric nervous system. Within this system, receptor agonists and antagonists interacts directly to modify excitatory or inhibitory signals. In view of this complexity it is not surprising that our knowledge about the mechanisms of actions of the various neurohormones and drugs affecting gut motility has been rather fragmented and incomplete. However, recently substantial progress has been achieved, and drug therapy for gut dysmotility is emerging, based primarily on neurohumoral receptors. This paper presents a selective review of the neurohumoral regulatory mechanisms of gastrointestinal motility. In this context, the physiology and pharmacology of the smooth muscle cells, gastrointestinal motility and dysmotility, the enteric nervous system, gastrointestinal reflexes, and serotonin is presented. Further investigation and understanding of the transmitters and receptors involved in especially the reflex activation of peristalsis is crucial for the development of novel therapies for motility disorders., M. B. Hansen., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Ergot alkaloids (EAs), products of Claviceps spp., are widely used in various fields of clinical medicine (neurology, psychiatry, endocrinology). In the present work we studied the neuroimmunomodulative effect of EAs on activation of NK cells and their signalling pathways. Furthermore, the killing capability of rat NK cells in vitro was examined in the presence of glycosidic derivatives of elymoclavine, agroclavine, and liposome-encapsulated EAs. The engagement of appropriate NK cell membrane receptors by EAs cause an indirect enhancement of adenylyl cyclase system through inhibition of G-protein a 1,2-subunit (up to 50 % of control values). All of the tested EAs enhanced the rat NK cell-mediated cytotoxic activity in vitro, particularly against target cells of astrocyte origin (C-6 glioma). The present results argue for a possible EA immunomodulatory role of cell-mediated immunity in tumour regression processes.
Akutní ischemický iktus je katastrofické kardiovaskulární onemocnění s častými srdečními příčinami a mozkovými následky, a proto je k optimální léčbě a prevenci nutná úzká spolupráce mezi neurology a kardiology. Nedávné randomizované studie nadto prokázaly, že katetrizační trombektomie je nejúčinnější léčbou akutního iktu u správně vybraných nemocných. Intervenční kardiologie se svou 24hodinovou dostupností pro léčbu infarktu myokardu by mohla doplnit neuroradiologii v případech, v nichž není tento obor schopen poskytnout nepřetržitou dostupnost této moderní léčby pro nemocné s ikty. Je možné, že stojíme na prahu rozvoje nové medicínské subspecializace: neurokardiologie či kardioneurologie., Acute ischemic stroke is a catastrophic cardiovascular disease with frequent cardiac causes and cerebral consequences, thus the close cooperation between neurologists and cardiologists is necessary for the optimal patient management. Furthermore, recent randomized trials demonstrated, that catheter-based thrombectomy (CBT) is the most effective treatment for properly selected patients. Interventional cardiology with its widespread non-stop services for acute myocardial infarction can fill the existing gaps in coverage of population needs with neurointerventional services. Thus, a new future medical subspecialization may emerge: neurocardiology or cardioneurology., and Petr Widimský, Ivana Štětkářová
Recently, malaria is remain considered as the most prevalent infectious disease, affecting the human health globally. High morbidity and mortality worldwide is often allied with cerebral malaria (CM) based disorders of the central nervous system, especially across many tropical and sub-tropical regions. These disorders are characterised by the infection of Plasmodium species, which leads to acute or chronic neurological disorders, even after having active/effective antimalarial drugs. Furthermore, even during the treatment, individual remain sensitive for neurological impairments in the form of decrease blood flow and vascular obstruction in brain including many more other changes. This review briefly explains and update on the epidemiology, burden of disease, pathogenesis and role of CM in neurological disorders with behaviour and function in mouse and human models. Moreover, the social stigma, which plays an important role in neurological disorders and a factor for assessing CM, is also discussed in this review., Arif Jamal Siddiqui, Mohd Adnan, Sadaf Jahan, Whitni Redman, Mohd Saeed and Mitesh Patel., and Obsahuje bibliografii