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28132. Orexin affects dorsal root ganglion neurons: a mechanism for regulating the spinal nociceptive processing
- Creator:
- Yan, J.-A., Ge, L., Huang, W., Song, B., Chen, Xiao-wei, and Yu, Zheng-ping
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, fyziologie, spinální ganglia, mícha, vápník, physiology, spinal ganglia, spinal cord, calcium, orexins, nociceptive transmission, dorsal root ganglion neurons, orexin-1 receptor, patch clamp, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Orexins (orexin A and B) are initially known to be a hypothalamic peptide critical for feeding and normal wakefulness. In addition, emerging evidence from behavioral tests suggests that orexins are also involved in the regulation of nociceptive processing, suggesting a novel potential therapeutic approach for pain treatment. Both spinal and supraspinal mechanisms appear to contribute to the role of orexin in nociception. In the spinal cord, dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons are primary afferent neurons that transmit peripheral stimuli to the pain-processing areas. Morphological results show that both orexin A and orexin-1 receptor are distributed in DRG neurons. Moreover, by using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and calcium imaging measurements we found that orexin A induced excitability and intracellular calcium concentration elevation in the isolated rat DRG neurons, which was mainly dependent on the activation of spinal orexin-1 receptor. Based on these findings, we propose a hypothesis that the direct effect of orexin A on DRG neurons would represent a possible mechanism for the orexinergic modulation of spinal nociceptive transmission., J.-A. Yan, L. Ge, W. Huang, B. Song, X.-W. Chen, Z.-P. Yu., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
28133. Orexins activates protein kinase C-mediated Ca2+ signaling in isolated rat primary sensory neurons
- Creator:
- Ozcan, M., Ahmet Ayar, Serhatlioglu, I., Alcin, E., Sahin, Z., and Kelestimur, H.
- Format:
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, proteinové kinázy, protein kinases, orexin A, protein kinase C, calcium signaling, nociception, sensory neuron, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Previous results have suggested that orexins causes a rise of intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i) in cultured rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, implicating a role in nociception, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Hence, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether the orexins-mediated signaling involves the PKC pathways in these sensory neurons. Cultured DRG neurons were loaded with 1 μmol Fura-2 AM and [Ca2+]i responses were quantified by the changes in 340/380 ratio using fluorescence imaging system. The orexin-1 receptor antagonist SB-334867-A (1 μM) inhibited the calcium responses to orexin-A and orexin-B (59.1±5.1 % vs. 200 nM orexin-A, n=8, and 67±3.8 % vs. 200 nM orexin-B, n=12, respectively). The PKC inhibitor chelerythrine (10 and 100 μM) significantly decreased the orexin-A (200 nM)-induced [Ca2+]i increase (59.4±4.8 % P<0.01, n=10 and 4.9±1.6 %, P<0.01, n=9) versus response to orexin-A). It was also found that chelerythrine dose-dependently inhibited the [Ca2+]i response to 200 nM orexin-B. In conclusion, our results suggest that orexins activate intracellular calcium signaling in cultured rat sensory neurons through PKC-dependent pathway, which may have important implications for nociceptive modulation and pain., M. Ozcan ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
28134. Organ Microcirculatory Disturbances in Experimental Acute Pancreatitis. A Role of Nitric Oxide
- Creator:
- Dobosz, M., Hac, S., Mionskowska, L., Dymecki, D., Dobrowolski, S., and Wajda, Z.
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Acute pancreatitis, Microcirculation, and Nitric oxide
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Microcirculatory disturbances are important early pathophysiological events in various organs during acute pancreatitis (AP). The aim of the study was to investigate an influence of L-arginine (nitric oxide substrate) and NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA, nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) on organ microcirculation in experimental acute pancreatitis induced by four consecutive intraperitoneal cerulein injections (15 μg/kg/h). The microcirculation of pancreas, liver, kidney, stomach, colon and skeletal muscle was measured by laser Doppler flowmeter. Serum interleukin 6 and hematocrit levels were analyzed. AP resulted in a significant drop of microperfusion in all examined organ. L-arginine administration (2x100 mg/kg) improved the microcirculation in the pancreas, liver, kidney, colon and skeletal muscle, and lowered hematocrit levels. L-NNA treatment (2x25 mg/kg) caused aggravation of edematous AP to the necrotizing situation, and increased IL-6 and hematocrit levels. A further reduction of blood perfusion was noted in the stomach only. It is concluded that L-arginine administration has a positive influence on organ microcirculatory disturbances accompanying experimental cerulein-induced AP. NO inhibition aggravates the course of pancreatitis.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
28135. Organic lead toxicology
- Creator:
- Patočka, Jiří
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Language:
- English
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
28136. Organisational aspects of the Paris Peace Conference (1919-1920) /
- Creator:
- Petráš, René,
- Type:
- text and studie
- Subject:
- válka první světová (1914-1918), konference pařížská (1919), dějiny diplomacie, politika menšinová, menšiny národnostní, and práva menšin
- Language:
- English
- Rights:
- unknown
28137. Organizace a prezentace výsledků klinických a laboratorních studií
- Creator:
- Kalousová, Marta and Zima, Tomáš
- Type:
- model:article, article, Text, studie - charakteristické znaky, and TEXT
- Subject:
- medicína založená na důkazech--metody--organizace a řízení, klinické zkoušky jako téma--metody--normy--využití, etické komise klinické--využití, financování organizované, výzkumný projekt--normy, studie, metodika, and medicína založená na důkazech
- Language:
- Czech and English
- Description:
- Základním předpokladem dobré prezentace výsledků klinických a laboratorních studií je správně provedená studie. V medicíně založené na důkazech (EBM – evidence based medicine) existují různé typy studií s rozličným významem a odlišnou výpovědní hodnotou. Každý typ studie má svá specifika, kterých je nutno se při realizaci držet – originální hypotéza, design studie, vhodná metodika, výběr nemocných včetně jejich počtu, kontrolní skupina a náležité statistické zpracování. Výsledky studie je pak třeba prezentovat přijatelnou a srozumitelnou formou, nejlépe názorně s využitím přehledných tabulek, grafů a obrázků. Podrobnější prezentace bude jistě v článku, naproti tomu přednáška či poster mají být především názorné a zaujmout posluchače., A well performed study is an indispensable prerequisite for a good presentation of results of clinical and laboratory studies. In evidence based medicine (EBM) several types of studies exist, each of them with different significance. Each study type has its specific features which have to be respected when realizing the study – original hypothesis, study design, convenient methods, and selection of patients including their number, control group and adequate statistical evaluation. Study results have to be presented in an understandable form, if possible with tables, graphs and figures. A more detailed presentation is usually provided in a paper while a lecture or a poster should be mainly interesting and attractive for the audience., Kalousová M., Zima T., and Lit.: 3
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
28138. Organizace katolické charity. Výroba a prodej devocionálií a bohoslužebných předmětů =
- Creator:
- Richtrová, Eva
- Type:
- články
- Subject:
- Dějiny Česka a Slovenska, charita, nadace, péče sociální, církev římskokatolická, devocionálie, Československo 1918-1992, církevní správa a hospodářství, and české země od r. 1993 do současnosti
- Language:
- Czech, German, and English
- Rights:
- unknown
28139. Organizace tisku učebnic v Čechách: přizpůsobení jedné tereziánské reformy
- Creator:
- Mádlová, Claire
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- učebnice, nakladatelství a vydavatelství, knihkupectví, inovace, knižní obchod, textbooks, publishing houses, bookstores, book trade, státní reforma, státní nakladatelství, osvícenská reforma, státní monopol, state reform, state publishing house, Enlightenment reform, state monopoly, 8, and 94(437)
- Language:
- Czech and English
- Description:
- In the context of Maria Theresa’s educational reforms, the article analyses the introduction of new school textbooks in Bohemia as an attempt to build a new type of state economic enterprise. For the first twenty years after compulsory education was introduced in 1774, a balance had to be struck for the publication of textbooks between standardization and adaptability, in order to over- come the obstacles and conflicts inherent in the reforms. In implementing the reforms it was thus necessary to deviate from certain fundamental principles - dirigism, uniformity and centralization. An economic system based on the awarding of privileges was faced with the challenge of meeting public order on an unprecedented scale. Moreover, an economic model for publishing schoolbooks had to be devised that could function as an instrument of social policy while remaining financially sustainable. The new publishing house had to ensure regular high-volume distribution of the new product throughout a territory that lacked any commercial infrastructure in the field of bookselling., Claire Madl., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
28140. Organizácia a priebeh úvodných fáz rozhlasovej kontaktnej relácie Nočné dialógy
- Creator:
- Ferenčík, Milan
- Format:
- Type:
- model:internalpart and TEXT
- Language:
- Czech and English
- Description:
- The study analyzes the communicative strategies adopted by the participants (moderator, caller and guest) in conducting the opening phases of the Nočné dialógy radio phone-ins broadcast by the Slovak public radio. The programme is approached as a specific type of institutional interaction characterized by a unique patterning of communicative asymmetries. The importance of the initial turn, invariably a moderator’s privilege granted to him by his institutional as well as interactional status, is stressed as having some important structural implications as to the subsequent course of the interaction; a structural archetype of the opening turn consists of four stages - structure orientation, self-identification, caller identification and summons. Openings span over several sequences of turns with the main task of establishing a caller in the on-air interaction and preparing him/her for the delivery of his/her topic. The bulk of interaction is composed of the four main types of interactional activity in which the participants are engaged - opening a technical and social contact, identification, recognition and categorization. This instance of a radio programme is seen as a means of bringing the media closer to the public, which, upon its introduction early in the 1990s, was an unprecedented example of the process of democratization of the mass media. By their opportunity to bring forward relevant political-social agenda the public have been given a direct access to the creation of political discourse.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public