The paper deals with the higher-order ordinary differential equations and the analogous higher-order difference equations and compares the corresponding fundamental concepts. Important dissimilarities appear for the moving frame method.
A new species, Paramarteilia canceri sp. n., is described using light and electron microscopy from the edible crab Cancer pagurus L. captured from the English Channel. No external symptoms were noted, although infected animals were typically lethargic and unresponsive to external stimuli. Organs of infected animals were shrunken and collapsed compared with apparently healthy individuals. Although the infection was systemic, marked host responses were only noted in the hepatopancreas where the parasite induced a pronounced haemocytic infiltration. Prevalence of infection throughout the study was 1.1%, with a maximum monthly prevalence of 3%. The intracellular parasite was typically 15 µm in length and composed of a primary cell containing up to three secondary cells derived by internal cleavage. Each secondary cell contains two bicellular spores. The parasite is readily differentiated from the other described paramyxean species by a combination of the number of secondary and tertiary cells. In light of this new discovery, a revision of the order Paramyxida Chatton, 1911 is proposed based upon comparison to the original descriptions of this parasite group in various species of invertebrate hosts. The proposed classification is based on the number of cells within the spores (tertiary cells), so that only three genera remain within the order, namely Marteilia Grizel, Comps, Bonami, Cousserans, Duthoit et Le Pennec, 1974, Paramarteilia Ginsburger-Vogel et Desportes, 1979 and Paramyxa Chatton, 1911. Subsequent discrimination of species is based on a combination of the number of secondary cells within the primary cell and the number of tertiary cells within secondary cells. It is proposed that the genus Marteilioides Comps, Park et Desportes, 1986 is suppressed and the type species of the genus, M. chungmuensis Comps, Park et Desportes, 1986, is transferred to Marteilia and that the other representative of the genus, M. branchialis Anderson et Lester, 1992, is transferred to Paramarteilia. Further, Paramyxoides Larsson et Køie, 2005 is considered as a junior synonym of Paramyxa and its type and only species, Paramyxoides nephtys Larsson et Køie, 2005, is transferred to Paramyxa.
By a paramedial groupoid we mean a groupoid satisfying the equation ax·yb=bx·ya. This equation is, in certain sense, symmetric to the equation of mediality xa·by=xb·ay and, in fact, the theories of both varieties of groupoids are parallel. The present paper, initiating the study of paramedial groupoids, is meant as a modest contribution to the enormously difficult task of describing algebraic properties of varieties determined by strong linear identities (and, especially,of the corresponding simple algebras).
This paper deals with continuous-time Markov decision processes with the unbounded transition rates under the strong average cost criterion. The state and action spaces are Borel spaces, and the costs are allowed to be unbounded from above and from below. Under mild conditions, we first prove that the finite-horizon optimal value function is a solution to the optimality equation for the case of uncountable state spaces and unbounded transition rates, and that there exists an optimal deterministic Markov policy. Then, using the two average optimality inequalities, we show that the set of all strong average optimal policies coincides with the set of all average optimal policies, and thus obtain the existence of strong average optimal policies. Furthermore, employing the technique of the skeleton chains of controlled continuous-time Markov chains and Chapman-Kolmogorov equation, we give a new set of sufficient conditions imposed on the primitive data of the model for the verification of the uniform exponential ergodicity of continuous-time Markov chains governed by stationary policies. Finally, we illustrate our main results with an example.
The biped robot with flat feet and fixed ankles walking down a slope is a typical impulsive dynamic system. Steady passive gaits for such mechanism can be induced on certain shallow slopes without actuation. The steady gaits can be described by using stable non-smooth limit cycles in phase plane. In this paper, it is shown that the robot gaits are affected by three parameters, namely the ground slope, the length of the foot, and the mass ratio of the robot. As the ground slope is gradually increased, the gaits exhibit universal period doubling bifurcations leading to chaos. Meanwhile, the phenomena of period doubling bifurcations also occur by increasing either the foot length or the mass ratio of the robot. Theory analysis and numerical simulations are given to verify our conclusion.
The main goal of this paper is to use traíRc data measured automatically by inductive loops, reduce the dimensionality of measured data vector and apply the reduced data vector for imitation of the traffic operator’s behaviour. The feature vector’s dimensionality is reduced both by Fisher criterion and truncated SVD (singular value decornposition) rnethods. For the operator’s imitation the Laplace classifier is applied.
In this paper, we propose several algorithms for computing parameterizations of NURBS domains (surfaces and volumes) which are motivated by the recent research in isogeometric analysis. We describe methods for finding parameterizations of planar NURBS domains bounded by either a given closed NURBS curve, or four NURBS curves fulfilling compatibility conditions. Further, parameterizations of NURBS volumes of revolution based on two different parameterizations of a disc are presented. The main result of the paper is the formulation of an algorithm for computing parameterizations of the so-called generalized NURBS volumes of revolution. and Obsahuje seznam literatury