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29512. Plánování péče o zdraví v ČR a Anglii
- Creator:
- Smith, Simon
- Format:
- 110-113
- Type:
- model:article, article, Text, and TEXT
- Subject:
- zdravotní péče - plánování--ekonomika--organizace a řízení--zákonodárství a právo, regionální zdravotnické plánování--ekonomika--metody--zákonodárství a právo, zákonodárství jako téma, modely ekonomické, and lidé
- Language:
- Czech and English
- Description:
- Simon Smith and Lit. 10
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
29513. Plánování Prahy :
- Creator:
- Koukalová, Martina,
- Type:
- text and monografie kolektivní
- Subject:
- Územní plánování. Urbanismus. Památková péče, urbanismus, plánování územní, architektura městská, plány architektonické, Československo 1945-1992, architektura, architekti, and města, obce
- Language:
- Czech and English
- Description:
- Chronologický přehled
- Rights:
- unknown
29514. Plans of Czechoslovak Democrats for Post-war Foreign Policy and the Possibilities of its Realisation during the Third Republic (1945-1948) /
- Creator:
- Dejmek, Jindřich,
- Type:
- text
- Subject:
- vztahy mezinárodní, politika zahraniční, zahraniční politika, mezinárodní vztahy, and Československo 1945-1948
- Language:
- English
- Rights:
- unknown
29515. Plant architecture and vegetation structure: Two ways for insect herbivores to escape parasitism
- Creator:
- Obermaier, Elisabeth, Heisswolf , Anette , Poethke, Hans Joachim , Randlkofer, Barbara, and Meiners, Torsten
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Chrysomelidae, enemy free space, Galeruca tanaceti, environmental heterogeneity, oviposition site, parasitism, plant architecture, Oomyzus galerucivorus, structural complexity, and vegetation structure
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Interactions between herbivorous insects and their parasitoids occur in highly structured and complex environments. Habitat structure can be an important factor affecting ecological interactions between different trophic levels. In this study the influence of plant architecture and surrounding vegetation structure on the interaction between the tansy leaf beetle, Galeruca tanaceti L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and its egg parasitoid, Oomyzus galerucivorus Hedqvist (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), was investigated at two small spatial scales in the field. It was expected that high and structurally complex plants or vegetation represent an enemy free space for the herbivore by making host search more difficult for the parasitoid. At the scale of individual plants, plant height had a positive influence on herbivore oviposition and egg clutch height a negative impact on parasitism. In addition, the beetle was more likely to oviposit on simple plants than on plants with branches, while the parasitoid remained unaffected by the degree of branching. At the microhabitat scale (r = 0.1 m around an oviposition site), both height and density of the vegetation affected beetle oviposition positively and egg parasitism negatively. The herbivore and its parasitoid, therefore, were influenced in opposite ways by habitat structure at both spatial scales investigated, suggesting the existence of an enemy free space for the herbivores' eggs on tall plants and in tall and complex vegetation. This study indicates that structural components of the environment are important for interactions among organisms of different trophic levels.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
29516. Plant chemistry and aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): Imprinting and memory
- Creator:
- van Emden, Helmut F. , Storeck, Andrew P. , Douloumpaka, Sophia, Eleftherianos, Ioannis, Poppy, Guy M., and Powell, Wilf
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Braconidae, aphid parasitoid, Aphidius colemani, imprinting, memory, and secondary compounds
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Emerging parasitoids of aphids encounter secondary plant chemistry from cues left by the mother parasitoid at oviposition and from the plant-feeding of the host aphid. In practice, however, it is secondary plant chemistry on the surface of the aphid mummy which influences parasitoid olfactory behaviour. Offspring of Aphidius colemani reared on Myzus persicae on artificial diet did not distinguish between the odours of bean and cabbage, but showed a clear preference for cabbage odour if sinigrin had been painted on the back of the mummy. Similarly Aphidius rhopalosiphi reared on Metopolophium dirhodum on wheat preferred the odour of wheat plants grown near tomato plants to odour of wheat alone if the wheat plants on which they had been reared had been exposed to the volatiles of nearby tomato plants. Aphidius rhopalosiphi reared on M. dirhodum, and removed from the mummy before emergence, showed a preference for the odour of a different wheat cultivar if they had contacted a mummy from that cultivar, and similar results were obtained with A. colemani naturally emerged from M. persicae mummies. Aphidius colemani emerged from mummies on one crucifer were allowed to contact in sequence (for 45 min each) mummies from two different crucifers. The number of attacks made in 10 min on M. persicae was always significantly higher when aphids were feeding on the same plant as the origin of the last mummy offered, or on the second plant if aphids feeding on the third plant were not included. Chilling emerged A. colemani for 24 h at 5°C appeared to erase the imprint of secondary plant chemistry, and they no longer showed host plant odour preferences in the olfactometer. When the parasitoids were chilled after three successive mummy experiences, memory of the last experience appeared at least temporarily erased and preference was then shown for the chemistry of the second experience.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
29517. Plant clonal traits, coexistence and turnover in East Ladakh, Trans-Himalaya
- Creator:
- de Bello, Francesco, Doležal, Jiří, Ricotta, Carlo, and Klimešová, Jitka
- Type:
- article and TEXT
- Subject:
- abiotic and biotic factors, functional traits, neutral theory, limiting similarity, Himalaya, and trait divergence and convergence
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- To what extent does plant clonality contribute to the assemblage of species in communities? Two apparently contrasting, and largely untested, hypotheses envisage the potential role of plant clonal traits in community assembly: (i) environmental filters constrain coexisting species to have functionally similar traits (i.e. trait convergence); (ii) niche differentiation selects for functionally dissimilar species (i.e. trait divergence) allowing them to exploit different spatial and temporal niches. These hypotheses are assessed using a large dataset of 369 plots (100 m2) covering altitudes between 4100 and 5800 m a.s.l. and including the major vegetation types found in Ladakh, NW Himalaya. Patterns of clonal traits, coexistence and turnover were assessed using a functional diversity partitioning framework in the context of different null models. Functional diversity was expressed both for morphologically delimited clonal growth forms (17 categorical growth forms) and for functionally delimited clonal characters (combining 16 different traits differentiating the 17 growth forms). PERMANOVA revealed that both α (within-plots) and β (between-plots) functional diversity varied across environmental conditions and vegetation types highlighting a filtering effect on clonal traits. Alpha diversity, however, was more stable across habitats than β diversity. Despite the significant turnover of clonal traits across habitats, most of the diversity of clonal traits was found within plots, with a higher trait divergence than expected by chance, which suggests that niche differences determine species coexistence. While both trait convergence and trait divergence were detected, convergence was stronger when using null models that shuffled all species in the regional pool across plots and functional diversity expressed in terms of different clonal growth forms. Divergence, in contrast, was detected mostly when using null models that shuffled species cover across species co-occurring in given plots and considering functional diversity in terms of clonal traits. By detecting both trait convergence and trait divergence this study supports both initial hypotheses and brings new evidence on the relevance of clonal traits as a function of species that both inhabit different environments and coexist.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
29518. Plant extracellular vesicles and their potential in human health research, the practical approach
- Creator:
- Kocholata, Michaela, Maly, Jan, Martinec, Jan, and Auer Malinska, Hana
- Format:
- počítač and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- plant extracellular vesicles, exosomes, plant exosome-like nanovesicles, drug delivery, and anticancer therapy
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Extracellular vesicles are small membrane particles (30-1000 nm) released by Bacteria, Eukaryotes and Archaea. They have been shown to play an important role in intracellular and intercellular communication, within and between kingdoms via transport of bioactive molecules. Thus, they can be involved in altering gene expression and regulation of physiological and pathological processes of the recipient. Their unique properties make extracellular vesicles a perfect candidate vector for targeted drug delivery or a biomarker. For a long time, animal and mainly mammal extracellular vesicles have been used in research. But for plants, there had been speculations about the existence of nanovesicles due to the presence of a cell wall. Today, awareness of plant extracellular vesicles is on the rise and their research has proved they have various functions, such as protein secretion, transport of bioactive molecules or defense against pathogens. Further potential of plant extracellular vesicles is stressed in this review.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
29519. Plant functional traits in studies of vegetation changes in response to grazing and moving: towards a use of more specific traits
- Creator:
- Klimešová, Jitka, Latzel, Vít, de Bello, Francesco, and van Groenendael, Jan M.
- Type:
- article and TEXT
- Subject:
- clonality, disturbance, grassland, management, persistance traits, phenology, and vegetative regeneration
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Plants’ abilities to function are difficult to evaluate directly in the field. Therefore, a number of attempts have been made to determine easily measurable surrogates – plant functional traits (PFTs). In particular, the value of PFTs as tools for predicting vegetation responses to management (i.e., grazing and mowing) is the focus of a large number of studies. However, recent studies using PFTs to predict the effect of pasture management in different regions did not give consistent predictions for the same set of PFTs. This lead to the suggestion that more specific traits better suited for a specific region be used in the future. We consider the identification of the most adaptative traits for surviving grazing and mowing in different biomes an important goal. Using temperate grasslands in Europe as an example, we show that (i) plant height, often considered as the best predictor of species response to grassland management, is coupled with other more relevant functional traits, and that (ii) clonal traits have important, often neglected functions in the response of species to grassland management. We conclude that single traits cannot be the only basis for predicting vegetation changes under pasture management and, therefore, a functional analysis of the trade-off between key traits is needed.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
29520. Plant invasions
- Creator:
- Prach, Karel
- Type:
- article and TEXT
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- 978-3-8236-1528-6
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/