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2. Between resentment and forgiveness: public histories in the Czech and South African transitions
- Creator:
- Hladík, Radim
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- filozofie, philosophy, post-socialism, post-colonialism, apartheid, memory, history, Czech Republic, South Africa, 5, and 101
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Departing from the recent scholarship that acknowledges fundamental similarities in the post-colonial and the post-socialist experiences, the article argues that comparisons across these two contexts and paradigms prove themselves to be a useful tool for analysis of specific problems of transitioning societies. This claim is demonstrated by examination of the making of public history of the recent past in the Czech Republic and South Africa. Two authoritative aspects of public history are considered: the state-sanctioned commemoration and historiography. Whereas the South African state has sought by the means of transitional justice to reconcile the former victims and victimizers in a shared quest for the truth, the Czech state prioritizes legislative and judiciary assignment of retroactive blame. The South African historiography is closely tied to collective memory and prefers the approach of social history. The Czech historiography of the recent past is dominated by the totalitarian paradigm and prioritizes archival work. In both cases, the political and the historiographical projects seem to overlap in crucial points. It is suggested that the articulation of public history as either resentment or forgiveness may have been ultimately predetermined by the forms of resistance to the opressive regimes.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
3. Can prenatal methamphetamine exposure be considered a good animal model for ADHD?
- Creator:
- Ochozková, Anna, Mihalčíková, Lýdia, Yamamotová, Anna, and Šlamberová, Romana
- Format:
- počítač and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- methamphetamine, hypoxia, ADHD, prenatal exposure, memory, OLT, and NORT
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a mental disorder with a heterogeneous origin with a global incidence that continues to grow. Its causes and pathophysiological mechanisms are not fully understood. It includes a combination of persistent symptoms such as difficulty in concentration, hyperactivity and impulsive behavior. Maternal methamphetamine (MA) abuse is a serious problem worldwide, it can lead to behavioral changes in their offspring that have similarities with behavioral changes seen in children with ADHD. There are several types of ADHD animal models, e.g. genetic models, pharmacologically, chemically and exogenously induced models. One of the exogenously induced ADHD models is the hypoxia-induced model. Our studies, as well as those of others, have demonstrated that maternal MA exposure can lead to abnormalities in the placenta and umbilical cord that result in prenatal hypoxia as well as fetal malnutrition that can result in irreversible changes to experimental animals. Therefore, the aim the present study was to compare the cognitive impairments in MA exposure model with those in established model of ADHD – prenatal hypoxia model, to test whether MA exposure is a valid model of ADHD. Pregnant Wistar rats were divided into four groups based on their gestational exposure to MA: (1) daily subcutaneous injections of MA (5 mg/kg), (2) saline injections at the same time and volume, (3) daily 1-hr hypoxia (10 % O2), and (4) no gestational exposure (controls). Male rat offspring were tested for short-term memory in the Novel Object Recognition Test and the Object Location Test between postnatal days 35 and 40. Also their locomotor activity in both tests was measured. Based on the present results, it seems that prenatal MA exposure is not the best animal model for ADHD since it shows corresponding symptoms only in certain measures. Given our previous results supporting our hypothesis, more experiments are needed to further test possible use of prenatal MA exposure as an animal model of the ADHD.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
4. Design, modeling, and implementation of a re-programmable neural switch (RNS)
- Creator:
- Iskandarani, Mahmoud Z.
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Neural, modeling, synapse, memory, information processing, and polymers
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The design, build and test of a re-programmable neural switch (RNS) are carried out. The function of such a switch is to operate as a synaptic processor behaving in an adaptive manner and suitable to be used as a compact programmable device with other artificial neural network hardware. Interaction between constituent materials forming the switch is discussed and carrier interaction during the Programming cycles is explained. Programmability of the switch is proved to be bi-directional and reversible with hysteresis effect which is due to excess charge storage.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
5. Disturbance of the magnetic field did not affect spatial memory
- Creator:
- Li, Y., Zhang, C., and Song, T.
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, učení, paměť, learning, memory, ELF-MF, previous training, morris water maze, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Extremely low-frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) has been suggested to influence the cognitive capability but this should be dynamically evaluated in a longitudinal study. Previous training can affect performance, but the influence under magnetic field is unclear. This study aims to evaluate the effects of previous training and ELF-MF exposure on learning and memory using the Morris water maze (MWM). Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to MWM training, ELF-MF exposure (50 Hz, 100 μT), or ELF-MF exposure combined with MWM training for 90 days. Normal rats were used as controls. The MWM was used to test. The data show that the rats exposed to training and ELF-MF with training performed better on spatial acquisition when re-tested. However, during the probe trial the rats showed no change between the training phase and the test phase. Compared with the control group, the ELF-MF group showed no significant differences. These results confirm that previous training can improve the learning and memory capabilities regarding spatial acquisition in the MWM and this effect can last for at least 90 days. However, this improvement in learning and memory capabilities was not observed during the probe trial. Furthermore, ELF-MF exposure did not interfere with the improvement in learning and memory capabilities., Y. Li, C. Zhang, T. Song., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
6. Dítě jako zdroj informací: charakteristiky dětské výpovědi a možnosti jejího využití
- Creator:
- Uholyeva, Xenie
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, studie, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Psychologie, psychologie, děti, paměť, psychology, children, memory, dětská výpověď, sugestibilita, kompetence, child,s testimony, suggestibility, competence, 17, and 159.9
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Předkládaná studie se věnuje specifikům dětské výpovědi. Mapuje možné zdroje její nespolehlivosti (nízká schopnost zapamatovat si a vybavit si události, vysoká sugestibilita, snadnost vzniku falešných vzpomínek, neporozumění pro procesy a interakce v okolí, možnost záměrného lhaní). Jsou uvedeny některé postupy, které mohou pomoci zkvalitnit, nebo naopak znehodnotit informace, podané dítětem. Schopnost dítěte porozumět své vlastní motivaci, prožívání a chování, stejně tak jako chování a prožívání jiných lidí je často zpochybňována. Ukazuje se však, že dětský úhel pohledu na události, které zažívá, a na sociální interakce, kterým je vystaveno, je obohacující. Přináší smysluplné informace, je jedinečný a přispívá jak k pochopení prožívání a chování dítěte a jeho aktuálních potíží, tak ke hlubšímu porozumění rodinným vztahům a jiným skutečnostem., The present study maps the possible sources of unreliability of child,s testimony (lower ability to remember and recall events, high suggestibility, easier formation of false memories, misunderstanding of the processes and interactions in surroundings, probability of deliberate lying) as well as its potential benefits in research and counselling practices. There are some procedures that can help improve or conversely depreciate information given by child. Child,s ability to understand their own motivation, experience and behaviour as well as behaviour and feelings of others are often questioned. But despite all mentioned risks, child,s testimony is very useful not only in judicial proceedings in which the child may be the only witness to the events but also in psychological research and counselling. It turns out that a child is more sensitive to some aspects of family life (conflicts) than an adult and gives even more accurate information than its parents. Child,s view of family life is important for understanding its behaviour and experience., Xenie Uholyeva., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
7. Effect of alpha1-adrenergic antagonist prazosin on behavioral alterations induced by MK-801 in a spatial memory task in Long-Evans rats
- Creator:
- Aleš Stuchlík, Tomáš Petrásek, and Karel Valeš
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, fyziologie, paměť, lokomoční pohyb, physiology, memory, locomotion, prazosin, MK-801, place avoidance, animal model of schizophrenia, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders are current topics in behavioral neuroscience. Application of non-competitive antagonists of NMDA receptors (such as MK-801) was proposed as a model of schizophrenia, as it leads to specific behavioral alterations, which are partly analogous to human psychotic symptoms. This study examined an animal model of schizophrenia induced by a systemic application of MK-801 (0.15 and 0.20 mg/kg) into rats tested in the active allothetic place avoidance (AAPA) task. Previous studies suggested that MK-801 may interact in vivo with other neurotransmitter systems, including noradrenergic system. Our experiments therefore evaluated the hypothesis that both locomotor stimulation and deficit in avoidance behavior in AAPA task induced by this drug would be reversible by application of alpha1-adrenergic antagonist prazosin (1 and 2 mg/kg). The results showed that both doses of prazosin partia lly reversed hyperlocomotion induced by higher doses of MK-801 and an avoidance deficit measured as number of entrances into the shock sector. Interestingly, no effect of prazosin on the MK-801-induced decrease of maximum time between two entrances (another measure of cognitive performance) was observed. These results support previous data showing that prazosin can compensate for the hyperlocomotion induced by MK-801 and newly show that this partial reduction sustains even in the forced locomotor conditions, which are involved in the AAPA task. The study also shows that certain parameters of avoidance efficiency may be closely related to locomotor activity, whereas other measures of cognition may more selectively reflect cognitive changes., A. Stuchlík, T. Petrásek, K. Valeš., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
8. Effect of methamphetamine on cognitive functions of adult female rats prenatally exposed to the same drug
- Creator:
- Macúchová, E., Kateryna Nohejlová, and Romana Šlamberová
- Format:
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, pervitin, paměť, methamphetamine, memory, Morris water maze, spatial learning, sensitization, estrous cycle, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The aim of this study was to inve stigate the effect of prenatal methamphetamine (MA) exposure and application of the same drug in adulthood on cognitive functions of adult female rats. Animals were prenatally exposed to MA (5 mg/kg) or saline (control group). The cognitive function was tested as ability of spatial learning in the Morris Water Maze (MWM). Each day of the experiment animals received an injection of MA (1 mg/kg) or saline. Our results demonstrated that prenatal MA exposure did not affect the latency to reach the hidden platform or the distance traveled during the Place Navigation Test; however, the speed of swimming was increased in prenatally MA-exposed rats compared to controls regardless of the treatment in adulthood. MA treatment in adulthood increased the latency and distance when compared to controls regardless of the prenatal exposure. Neither prenatal exposure, nor tr eatment in adulthood affected memory retrieval. As far as the estrous cycle is concerned, our results showed that prenatally MA-exposed females in proestrus/estrus swam faster than females in diestrus. This effect of estrous cycle was not apparent in control females. In conclusion, our results indicate that postnatal, but not prenatal exposure to MA affects learning of adult female rats., E. Macúchová, K. Nohejlová-Deykun, R. Šlamberová., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
9. Exploratory behavior and recognition memory in medial septal electrolytic, neuro- and immunotoxic lesioned rats
- Creator:
- Dashniani, M. G., Burjanadze, M. A., Naneishvili, T. L., Chkhikvishvili, N. C., Beselia, G. V., Kruashvili, L. B., Pochkhidze, N. O., and Chighladze, M. R.
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, paměť, memory, septohippocampal projections, recognition memory, exploratory behavior, open field, rat, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- a1_In the present study, the effect of the medial septal (MS) lesions on exploratory activity in the open field and the spatial and object recognition memory has been investigated. This experiment compares three types of MS lesions: electrolytic lesions that destroy cells and fibers of passage, neurotoxic -ibotenic acid lesions that spare fibers of passage but predominantly affect the septal noncholinergic neurons, and immunotoxin - 192 IgG -saporin infusions that only eliminate cholinergic neurons. The main results are: the MS electrolytic lesioned rats were impaired in habituat ing to the environment in the repeated spatial environment, but rats with immuno - or neurotoxic lesions of the MS did not differ from control ones; the MS electrolytic and ibotenic acid lesioned rats showed an increase in their exploratory activity to the objects and were impaired in habituating to the objects in the repeated spatial environment; rats with immunolesions of the MS did not differ from control rats; electrolytic lesions of the MS disrupt spatial recognition memory; rats with immuno - or neurotoxic lesions of the MS were normal in detecting spatial novelty; all of the MS - lesioned and control rats clearly reacted to the object novelty by exploring the new object more than familiar ones. Results observed across lesion techniques indicate that: (i) the deficits after nonselective damage of MS are limited to a subset of cognitive processes dependent on the hippocampus, (ii) MS is substantial for spatial, but not for object recognition memory - the object recognition memory can be supported outside the septohippocampal system; (iii) the selective loss of septohippocampal cholinergic or noncholinergic projections does not disrupt the function of the hippocampus to a sufficient extent to impair spatial recognition memory;, a2_(iv) there is dissociation between the two major components (cholinergic and noncholinergic) of the septohippocampal pathway in exploratory behavior assessed in the open field - the memory exhibited by decrements in exploration of repeated object presentations is affected by either electr olytic or ibotenic lesions, but not saporin., M. G. Dashniani, M. A. Burjanadze, T. L. Naneishvili, N. C. Chkhikvishvili, G. V. Beselia, L. B. Kruashvili, N. O. Pochkhidze, M. R. Chighladze., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
10. Fotografie a paměť v díle Milady Součkové
- Creator:
- Woźniak, Kamila
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- paměť, fotografie, Milada Součková, minulost, punctum, studium, Roland Barthes, memory, photography, past, and study
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- A characteristic feature of Milada Součková’s works consists in her references to her own and her family’s memories. She often combines the memories and returns to the past with ekphrastic descriptions of the photographs. This is her way to set in order (in words and pictures) the occurrences that have already happened. The photographs become sources that enliven the memory images. They activate memory and connect memories into chains of mnemonic associations. The present article explores the references in Milada Součková’s poetry and prose texts to the photographs.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
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