Two species of the Chrysoperla carnea complex: Ch. carnea sensu Henry and Ch. lucasina, occur in the crop environment in western France. Within the framework of a conservation biological control program for protected seed crops, the pollen consumption of these common green lacewings was investigated. The diverticulum contents of collected specimens were analysed to determine their food preference. Ch. carnea sensu Henry and Ch. lucasina are opportunistic feeders, which are attracted to large patches of flowering plants. The establishment of monitoring an attractive environment for these predators is discussed.
Pollen viability was analysed causally between and within Central European Cirsium species and their hybrids to determine (i) how frequently hybrids are fertile and produce viable pollen; (ii) how the pollen viability of hybrids and their parents are related and how this is affected by the genetic distance between parents; (iii) how species promiscuity relates to species pollen viability; (iv) to what extent the pollen viability of a hybrid may predetermine its frequency in nature; (v) how the pollen viability of a hybrid and sympatricity of its parental species are related; and (vii) how the frequency of females in populations of gynodioecious species may affect the observed pollen viability. Altogether, the viability of 656,363 pollen grains was analysed using Alexander’s staining (1185 flowers from 301 plants from 67 field populations of 13 pure species and 1693 flowers from 345 plants from 96 field populations of 16 natural hybrids). The particular characters potentially related with pollen viability were estimated using following methods: natural hybrid frequency and species interfertility (by herbarium data), genetic distance (by AFLP), sympatricity (in local scale based on herbaria and literature data; on a global scale using the similarity between digitized maps of natural ranges). The strengths of pre- or postzygotic isolation were estimated for hybridizing species pairs using geographical data and pollen viability analyses. All hermaphrodite plants of the Cirsium hybrids had viable pollen, generally at lower levels than those found in pure species. The pollen viability of a hybrid generally decreased with increasing genetic distance between the parents and when the parental species had lower pollen viability. The pollen viability was decreased in frequently hybridizing species where occasionally individuals of pure species morphology may show decreased pollen viability. In some instances these might represent some unrecognized hybrid backcrosses. In populations of gynodioecious species where females co-occurred, pollen viability (in hermaphrodites)was also lower, indicating some degree of inbreeding depression. Hybrids between sympatric species exhibited higher post-pollination isolation (decrease of pollen viability), which suggests that the reproductive isolation had been increased by natural selection (effect similar to the Wallace effect). The strength of the postzygotic barrier (based on pollen viability) was generally stronger than that of the prezygotic barrier (based on distribution overlap) in studied hybridizing species pairs.
Pollination of Sedirea japonica (Orchidaceae) by Bombus diversus diversus (Hymenoptera: Apidae), Kenji Suetsugu, KOji Tanaka., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
11. srpna 1813 vyhlásilo Rakousko po složitém politickém manévrování Francii válku a připojilo se k již existující britsko-rusko-prusko-švédské protinapoleonské koalici. Z obav před vpádem Napoleonových vojsk do Čech v případě porážky při plánovaném tažení do Saska byla během července a srpna vybudována na pravém břehu řeky Ohře mezi Postoloprty a Budyní nad Ohří opevněná linie dlouhá zhruba 35 km. Baterie tvořící její páteř byly soustředěny hlavně na obou křídlech tak, aby zabránily postupu nepřítele do vnitrozemí blokováním silnic a příp. poskytly ochranu ustoupivší či poražené tzv. České (Hlavní) armádě, včetně možnosti protiútoku. Po porážce Napoleonových vojsk u Lipska ztratila opevnění, kterých se válka nikdy nedotkla, své opodstatnění a byla zplanýrována. O okolnostech výstavby vypovídají regionální historické prameny, zjistit přesnou polohu a typy baterií se podařilo komparací s leteckou prospekcí. Z 35 písemnými prameny doložených polních opevnění se podařilo lokalizovat 29 a objevit 21: z nich 16 leteckou prospekcí, 2 pozemním průzkumem, ve 3 případech šlo o opevnění dodnes existujících budov a kostelů s hřbitovy. Článek pojednává nejen o opevněních, ale i o dalších pramenech, událostech a souvislostech. and On 11th of August 1813 and after complicated political manoeuvring, Austria declared war on France and joined the exiting Anglo-Russian-Prussian-Swedish anti-Napoleon coalition. Due to fears of an invasion of Bohemia by Napoleon’s armies in the event of a defeat during the planned campaign in Saxony, a fortified line, approximately 35 km long, was built on the right bank of the Ohře River between Postoloprty and Budyní nad Ohří in July and August. The batteries forming its spine were mostly concentrated on both wings, to prevent the enemy advancing into the interior by blocking roads and, if appropriate, to provide protection to the withdrawing or defeated Bohemian (Main) Army, including the possibility of a counterattack. After the defeat of Napoleon’s armies at Leipzig, the fortifications, which were never touched by war, lost their meaning and were levelled. Regional historical sources tell us something about the construction circumstances, and the precise position and types of the batteries could be ascertained by comparisons with aerial prospecting. Of the 35 field fortifications documented by written sources, 29 could be localised and 21 discovered: 16 through aerial prospecting, 2 by ground research, and in 3 cases they served as fortifications for currently existing buildings and churches with cemeteries. The article discusses not only the field fortifications, but also all the sources, events and context indicated here.