An empirical research, conducted by the author among university students and the working population in Prague at the beginning of 1999, showed that second person singular address forms are gradually spreading at the expense of second person plural address forms among young Czechs, especially university students. The number of various social groups whose members use second person singular address forms as a mark of fellowship is growing. The confusion and uncertainty in choosing address forms which were observed in the interviewed Czech speakers can also be interpreted as a signal of oncoming changes in address forms usage in contemporary Czech.
Many respondents found it difficult to address persons of their age by second person plural address forms as well as use second person singular forms when addressing (significantly) older people, even when offered second person singular terms by the older speaker. Plural address forms between schoolmates or workmates of the same age are widely perceived as an unnecessary barrier between communication partners. On the other hand, the usage of reciprocal plural address forms in a formal, office environment is unanimously perceived as most appropriate.
Conflict-of-laws rules lead relatively often to the application of foreign law and the Czech judge, unlike judges of some other countries, is in principle obliged to apply that law. The issue of treatment of foreign law is covered by special regulation within Czech law. The new Private International Law Act 2012 contains section 23 entitled “Ascertainment and application of foreign law”, which builds upon the application of foreign law as it is perceived by contemporary Czech jurisprudence. The National Report also considers the possibilities to access to foreign law, under the viewpoint of both status quo, and further developments,in particular within the European Union.
Proof of causation between malpractice and damage is usually one of the key issues in the civil procedure. Scientific circles abroad hold wide discussions on whether the concept of causal nexus should not be abandoned in some cases. Proof of causation is extremely complex especially in medical malpractice cases. We know the input, we know the output, but what is happening in the organism remains to be a „black box“.
This article will try to focus on the current judicial practice in the Czech Republic, its shortcomings and it will also refer to legislative shortcomings. An attempt will be made to outline this with regard to the Principles of the European Tort Law (PETL).
In this paper we preseiit analytic sequent and hypersequent calculi for
Product logic II, an iinportant t-norm based fuzzy logic with conjunction interpreted as multiplication on the real unit interval [0,1], and Cancellative hoop logic CHL, a related logic with product conjunction interpreted on the real unit interval with 0 rernoved.
Východiska: Systematické review (SR) představuje v kontextu s přístupem a filozofií Evidence-Based Healthcare (EBHC) nejvýznamnější a nejhodnotnější typ studie v rámci úrovně vědeckých důkazů. Hallux valgus (HV) patří mezi nejčastější deformity v oblasti přednoží. SR, zabývající se vlivem operace HV na chůzi, kvalitu života, spokojenost a současně i bolest, ve světovém písemnictví chybí. Cíle: Hlavním cílem tohoto propedeuticky zaměřeného článku bylo poukázat na význam SR v rámci přístupu EBHC a přiblížit rigorózní a systematickou metodiku jeho tvorby příkladem dílčích výsledků SR zaměřeného na hodnocení efektu operační korekce deformity HV. Metodika: Nejprve jsme formulovali review otázku a specifikovali kritéria pro zařazení a vyloučení primárních studií do SR. Protokol SR jsme vypracovali pomocí softwaru, vyvinutého Joanna Briggs Institute pro tvorbu SR. Systematické vyhledávání publikovaných i nepublikovaných primárních studií zahrnovalo 3 kroky: 1. Iniciální vyhledávání v Medline, Embase a Cinahl; 2. sekundární vyhledávání v 13 databázích; 3. prostudování referenčních seznamů relevantních studií. Vyhledávali jsme randomizované kontrolované studie (RCT) bez časového omezení a ve všech jazycích. Výsledky: Celkem jsme nalezli 2412 studií a odstranili 767 duplikátů. Na základě dvoufázového hodnocení relevance a kritického hodnocení metodologické kvality studií pomocí standardizovaného hodnotícího nástroje JBI-MAStARI bylo zařazeno 27 RCT. V současné době probíhá extrakce výsledků pomocí standardizovaného nástroje JBI-MAStARI a příprava dat na meta-analýzu. Dílčí výsledky ukázaly nejednotnost použitých metod k hodnocení bolesti a spokojenosti pacientů po operaci HV v zahrnutých RCT. Závěry: SR představují velmi významné pojítko mezi vědeckými důkazy a jejich implementací do klinické praxe. Evidence-Based přístup je možné použít ve všech oblastech, v nichž se tvoří kvalitní primární vědecké důkazy., Background: Systematic review (SR), as secondary research is in the context of Evidence-Based Healthcare (EBHC) classified as the most important and valuable type of publication within the level of evidence hierarchy. Hallux valgus (HV) is a common forefoot deformity. In the current literature, there is no SR which has reviewed the effect of HV surgery on gait, pain or function in the global evidence. Aim: Main aim of this propedeutically focused paper was to highlight the importance of SR within EBHC approach and explain rigorous and systematic methods of its development by example of partial results of the SR focusing on evaluation of the effect of the hallux valgus surgery. Medhods: Firstly, we formulated an answerable review question and specified inclusion and exclusion criteria. Protocol of the SR was prepared using soware developed by Joanna Briggs Institute for SR preparation. Systematic search of published and unpublished studies included three steps: 1. Initial search in Medline, Embase and Cinahl; 2. secondary search in 13 databases; 3. hand-search in the reference lists of relevant papers. We have searched randomized controlled trials (RCT) in any date and language. Results: We found 2412 papers and deleted 767 duplicates. en a paper retrieval according to inclusion and exclusion criteria and critical appraisal of methodological quality were done using standardized critical appraisal instruments JBI-MAStARI. 27 RCT were included into SR. Currently, we are extracting data using JBI MAStARI and preparing them for meta-analysis. Partial results showed heterogeneity of used method for evaluation of pain and patient satisfaction aer HV surgery in included RCT. Conclusions: SR is a very important link between scientific evidence and their implementation into clinical practice. Evidence-Based approach can be used in all areas with high quality of primary scientific evidence., and Jitka Klugarová, Miloslav Klugar, Jana Marečková
We consider almost-complex structures on ℂP 3 whose total Chern classes differ from that of the standard (integrable) almost-complex structure. E. Thomas established the existence of many such structures. We show that if there exists an ''exotic'' integrable almost-complex structures, then the resulting complex manifold would have specific Hodge numbers which do not vanish. We also give a necessary condition for the nondegeneration of the Frölicher spectral sequence at the second level.