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2772. Agents and Structures: The Dominions and the Czechoslovak Crisis, September 1938 /
- Creator:
- Fry, Michael Graham
- Subject:
- dominia britská, politika zahraniční, Mnichovská dohoda (1938), politické dějiny, politici, zahraniční politika, mezinárodní vztahy, světové dějiny 1918-1945, Velká Británie, and Československo 1918-1945
- Language:
- English
- Rights:
- unknown
2773. Agents of His Majesty :
- Creator:
- Král, Pavel,
- Type:
- text and studie
- Subject:
- Mezinárodní vztahy, světová politika, Jakub, povstání stavovská, vztahy anglicko-české, and diplomacie
- Language:
- English
- Rights:
- unknown
2774. Agenturní síť čs. armády v Čechách a v Německu (1937-1938) /
- Creator:
- Straka, Karel,
- Subject:
- zpravodajství vojenské, armáda československá, vztahy československo-německé, zpravodajci, agenti tajní, zahraniční politika, mezinárodní vztahy, armáda, vojenské složky, vojáci, and Československo 1918-1938
- Language:
- Czech and English
- Description:
- Czechoslovak Army Intelligence Agent Network in the Czech Lands and Germany (1937-1938).
- Rights:
- unknown
2775. AGEs a RAGE – konečné produkty pokročilé glykace a jejich receptor v otázkách a odpovědích
- Creator:
- Kalousová, Marta and Zima, Tomáš
- Format:
- print, text, and regular print
- Type:
- model:article, article, Text, práce podpořená grantem, and TEXT
- Subject:
- lidé, produkty pokročilé glykace--fyziologie--metabolismus--škodlivé účinky, diabetes mellitus--etiologie, oxidační stres--fyziologie, zánět, hemoglobin A glykosylovaný--fyziologie, receptory imunologické--biosyntéza, karbonylový stres, sRAGE, and receptor pro AGEs
- Language:
- Czech and English
- Description:
- Konečné produkty pokročilé glykace (advanced glycation end products – AGEs) hrají významnou roli v patogenezi řady chronických onemocnění a jejich komplikací, především diabetických komplikací, aterosklerózy, komplikací chronických onemocnění ledvin a neurodegenerativních onemocnění. Tyto látky vznikají neenzymatickou glykací a jejich tvorba je potencována vlivem karbonylového stresu. AGEs tvoří heterogenní skupinu látek a patří mezi ně např. karboxymetyllyzin, pentozin, metylglyoxallyzin dimer, vesperlyzin, imidazolony a další. AGEs jednak modifikují proteiny a mění jejich fyzikální a chemické vlastnosti, jednak mají účinky zprostředkované přes receptory, z nichž nejznámější, ale ne jediný, je receptor RAGE (receptor pro konečné produkty pokročilé glykace). RAGE je receptor multiligandový, váže také HMGB1 (high mobility group box protein 1), S100 proteiny či amyloidové fibrily. Vazba ligand na tento receptor má za následek aktivaci řady signálních cest včetně indukce oxidačního stresu a aktivace nukleárního faktoru κB a následnou prozánětlivou odpověď v závislosti na buněčném typu. AGEs a RAGE se spolu s dalšími mechanizmy – hexosaminovou cestou, polyolovou cestou, poruchou metabolizmu lipidů, aktivací proteinkinázy C, oxidačním stresem a zánětlivou reakcí spoluúčastní v patogenezi diabetických komplikací. Terapeuticky je možné snižovat endogenní tvorbu AGEs, ovlivnit přísun AGEs do organizmu stravou a jejich absorpci ve střevě či stimulovat jejich degradaci. Klíčová slova: AGEs – diabetes mellitus – karbonylový stres – konečné produkty pokročilé glykace – oxidační stres – RAGE – receptor pro AGEs – sRAGE – zánět, Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic diseases and their complications, especially diabetic complications, atherosclerosis, complications of chronic kidney diseases and neurodegenerative diseases. These substances are formed via non-enzymatic glycation and their formation is potentiated in case of carbonyl stress. AGEs are represented by a heterogeneous group of compounds, e.g. carboxymethyllysine, pentosine, methylglyoxallysin dimer, vesperlysine, imidazolones etc. AGEs can modify proteins and so change their physical and chemical properties and can act also via specific receptors, among them RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products) is the best known but not the unique one. RAGE is a multiligand receptor capable to bind also HMGB1 (high mobility group box protein 1), S100 proteins or amyloid fibrils. RAGE – ligand interactions results to activation of a variety of signaling pathways including oxidative stress and activation of nuclear factor κB and subsequent proinflammatory response depending on the cell type. AGEs and RAGE together with further mechanisms – hexosamine pathway, polyol pathway, lipid metabolism disorder, activation of proteinkinase C, oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction take part in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. Terapeuticaly it is possible to decrease endogenous formation of AGEs, influence the AGEs intake to the organism and their absorption in the intestine or stimulate their degradation. Key words: AGEs – advanced glycation end-products – carbonyl stress – diabetes mellitus – inflammation – oxidative stress – RAGE – receptor for AGEs – sRAGE, and Marta Kalousová, Tomáš Zima
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
2776. Aggregation and survival of Neophilaenus albipennis (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) spittlebug nymphs
- Creator:
- Biedermann, Robert
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Aggregation, Neophilaenus albipennis, nymphs, spittlebug, survival, and vegetation structure
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The nymphs of spittlebugs (Hemiptera, Cercopidae) are xylem-feeders and live on herbs, grasses or woody plants within their self-produced spittle masses. Nymphs of the spittlebug Neophilaenus albipennis live aggregated in these spittle masses on their host plant Brachypodium pinnatum, a common grass in dry grassland. The objective of this study was to estimate nymphal mortality rates and to examine what role aggregation and vegetation structure play in the mortality of the nymphs. The aggregation and mortality were measured using two different methods, direct monitoring and caging of nymphs. The nymphs passively aggregated with up to 4 nymphs per spittle and aggregation decreased with instar. The aggregation of the nymphs resulted in a reduced mortality in all instars. Although it has already been argued that aggregation may be an advantage, this study is the first direct evidence (i.e. direct measurement of single individuals) for the benefit of aggregation to individual spittlebug nymphs. Despite a clumped distribution of N. albipennis nymphs in tall vegetation, nymphal mortality was not correlated with vegetation height.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
2777. Aggregation characteristics of three species of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) at hibernation sites
- Creator:
- Honěk, Alois, Martinková, Zdeňka, and Pekár, Stano
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Coccinella septempunctata, Ceratomegilla undecimnotata, Hippodamia variegata, overwintering, distribution, and hibernaculum
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Adults of some coccinellid species overwinter in aggregations consisting of many individuals. They may clump because adults are attracted to particular environmental stimuli and/or of an innate tendency to join conspecific individuals. Aggregation behaviour was studied in Coccinella septempunctata L., which forms small clumps, and Ceratomegilla undecimnotata (Schneider) and Hippodamia variegata (Goeze), which form large clumps. Adults were recorded at five hilltop hibernacula (400-1500 m altitude) in central Europe (50-51°N, 14-16°E) for periods up to 27 years. The hibernacula occur in areas sparsely covered with isolated grass tussocks or completely with stones. Numbers of adults recorded under each of 300-900 stones or among the stems of the grass tussocks were counted every year at each hibernaculum. The degree of aggregation was determined using Taylor's power law. The coccinellid distributions became more aggregated and the size of the aggregations increased as their abundance increased, less in C. septempunctata than in the other two species. Aggregations formed even in the absence of prominent structures, which may attract immigrants, and even when unoccupied stones or tussocks suitable for overwintering were available. Aggregations may be established and their size limited by the strength of the intrinsic preference to join conspecifics. The supposed advantage of aggregated overwintering must be greater than the risk associated with the easy spread of diseases.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
2778. Aggregation operators from the ancient NC and EM point of view
- Creator:
- Pradera, Ana and Trillas, Enric
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Non-Contradiction and Excluded-Middle principles, aggregation operators, and strong negations
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- This paper deals with the satisfaction of the well-known Non-Contradiction (NC) and Excluded-Middle (EM) principles within the framework of aggregation operators. Both principles are interpreted in a non-standard way, based on self-contradiction (as in Ancient Logic) instead of falsity (as in Modern Logic). The logical negation is represented by means of strong negation functions, and conditions are given both for those aggregation operators that satisfy NC/EM with respect to (w.r.t.) some given strong negation, as well as for those satisfying the laws w.r.t. any strong negation. The results obtained are applied to some of the most important known classes of aggregation operators.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
2779. Aggregation operators on partially ordered sets and their categorical foundations
- Creator:
- Demirci, Mustafa
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- category theory, aggregation operator, associative aggregation operator, partially ordered groupoid, partially ordered semigroup, and partially ordered monoid
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- In spite of increasing studies and investigations in the field of aggregation operators, there are two fundamental problems remaining unsolved: aggregation of L-fuzzy set-theoretic notions and their justification. In order to solve these problems, we will formulate aggregation operators and their special types on partially ordered sets with universal bounds, and introduce their categories. Furthermore, we will show that there exists a strong connection between the category of aggregation operators on partially ordered sets with universal bounds (\textbf{Agop}) and the category of partially ordered groupoids with universal bounds (\textbf{Pogpu}). Moreover, the subcategories of \textbf{Agop} consisting of associative aggregation operators, symmetric and associative aggregation operators and associative aggregation operators with neutral elements are, respectively, isomorphic to the subcategories of \textbf{Pogpu} formed by partially ordered semigroups, commutative partially ordered semigroups and partially ordered monoids in the sense of Birkhoff. As a justification of the present notions and results, some relevant examples for aggregations operators on partially ordered sets are given. Particularly, aggregation process in probabilistic metric spaces is also considered.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
2780. Aggression in reciprocal crosses of two subspecies of wild house mouse
- Creator:
- Volfová, Radka, Munclinger, Pavel, and Frynta, Daniel
- Type:
- article and TEXT
- Subject:
- wild mice, hybrid zone, social behaviour, hybrid advantage, and Y chromosome
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- We studied reciprocal hybrids of Mus musculus musculus and M. m. domesticus. These two subspecies of house mouse were found to differ in their social behaviour, the former being less aggressive than the latter. The paternal effect on aggression (observed repeatedly in laboratory mice) was not found. However, F2 generation mice were less aggressive than those from the F1 generation, and the maternal effect was also significant in a homogenous test set.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/