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27842. Uberto Decembrio: a humanist in Prague at the End of the Fourteenth Century /
- Creator:
- Pagliara, Daniela
- Type:
- text and studie
- Subject:
- Mezinárodní vztahy, světová politika, Decembrio, Uberto,, humanisté italští, mise diplomatické, pohled na druhé, města, rukopisy, české země 1306-1419, Itálie, světové dějiny středověku (do r. 1492), dějiny vědy, umění, kultury a techniky, kulturní vztahy, zahraniční politika, mezinárodní vztahy, and města, obce
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Uberto Decembrio: humanista v Praze na konci čtrnáctého století.
- Rights:
- unknown
27843. Ubíhající elektrony
- Creator:
- Kulhánek, Petr
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- fyzika, elektrony, tokamaky, physics, electrons, tokamaks, ubíhající elektrony, limitery, runaway electrons, ohmic regime, 6, and 53
- Language:
- Czech and English
- Description:
- Under normal conditions, electrons are accelerated by electric fields and decelerated by collision processes. After some time, a stable equilibrium between these two processes is achieved and electrons drift with constant speed against the field direction. Such a scheme is called the ohmic regime. At higher speeds or electric fields, the situation may be completely different. Collisions may not be able to compensate for electron acceleration and electrons attain the so called runaway mode. Runaway electrons are detected in the Earth’s magnetosphere during storms, in the solar plasma, and also in laboratory plasmas and in many plasma technologies., Petr Kulhánek., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
27844. Ubíhající elektrony v tokamacích - otevřené otázky a český příspěvek k jejich řešení
- Creator:
- Mlynář, Jan, Čaloud, Jakub, Ficker, Ondřej, Macúšová, Eva, and Čeřovský, Jaroslav
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- elektrony, electrons, 6, and 53
- Language:
- Czech and English
- Description:
- Výzkum fyziky ubíhajících elektronů se v posledních letech stal jednou z prioritních oblastí výzkumu na tokamacích. V rámci konsorcia EUROfusion, které koordinuje výzkum termojaderné fúze v Evropě, byl náš tým na tokamatu COMPASS v Ústavu fyziky plazmatu AV ČR, v. v. i., před šesti lety vyzván k zařazení studia ubíhajících elektronů do experimentálního programu. Tento článek shrnuje fyzikální motivaci k uvedenému výzkumu, dosažené znalosti a také hlavní výsledky, kterými v tomto směru náš tým přispívá k jistějšímu zvládnutí termojaderného provozu prvních fúzních reaktorů, včetně zařízení ITER., Research in the physics of runaway electrons has become one of the most important fields in current tokamak science. In the framework of the EUROfusion consortium, which coordinates thermonuclear fusion research in Europe, the Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS was invited, from 2014, to introduce a runaway electron study into the experimental programme of the COMPASS tokamak. This article summarises the motivation for runaway electron research, the achieved knowledge, and also the main results of our team, which may contribute to yet safer thermonuclear operation of the first fusion reactors, including the ITER facility., Jan Mlynář, Jakub Čaloud, Ondřej Ficker, Eva Macúšová, Jaroslav Čeřovský., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
27845. Účinné, výkonné a spolehlivé tepelné motory se musejí točit
- Creator:
- Holubec, Viktor and Ryabov, Artem
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- tepelné motory, heat engines, 6, and 53
- Language:
- Czech and English
- Description:
- Díky pokrokům v experimentální manipulaci s mikroskopickými systémy zažíváme v dnešní době žeň nových objevů ve výzkumu tepelných motorů. Získané výsledky ukazují, jak konstruovat tepelné motory pracující při maximální dovolené termodynamické účinnosti dané účinností Carnotova cyklu a dodávající nenulový a stabilní výkon, což je ve standardních učebnicích termodynamiky považováno za nemožné., The recent advent of novel micro-manipulation techniques has harvested many new results in the field of heat engines. It is now possible to construct heat engines operating at the maximum allowable thermodynamic efficiency determined by the Carnot efficiency and delivering non-zero stable output power, something which is considered impossible in standard thermodynamics textbooks., Viktor Holubec, Artem Ryabov., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
27846. Učitelé nižších škol v době reforem a osvícenství
- Creator:
- Kneblík, Michal
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- učitelé, vzdělávání, osvícenství, teachers, education, enlightenment, venkovské školy, preparanda, village schools, 8, and 94(437)
- Language:
- Czech and English
- Description:
- In the present text I have attempted to describe the profession of elementary school teacher and the changes it underwent in the last quarter of the 18th century. At that time, the education of the majority of children between the ages of six and twelve or thirteen was mostly in the hands of village schoolmasters, and these are my primary focus. Following the reform of the education system by Maria Teresa, teachers in Bohemia and Moravia were trained predominantly in what were known as preparanda at the Normal School in Prague. Their training differed from that of their predecessors in that their knowledge was now tested in examinations, with greater emphasis on teaching methods and closer supervision. Drawing on lists of teacher training graduates and other sources, I have analysed how many graduated every year and under what conditions, what textbooks they later used in the classroom, and the official view of pedagogy at that time. From those lists I was able to conclude that graduates who only spoke Czech ended up teaching only in small Czech-medium village schools. By looking at certain individual teachers more closely (such as the composer Jakub Jan Ryba, the pastor Tomáš Juren and several members of the Vlach family of teachers from Boleslav), my aim was to describe in outline the career of these "Czech" village schoolmasters, their motivation, level of knowledge, and deduce what they probably taught. From 1787 on, they were subject to inspection by regional school commissioners. I focussed on the first sixteen of these (one for each region), noting in particular how they were selected, their duties and aims. For it is they who were the guarantors of the new school system and the disseminators of the new thinking.As a result of the reforms, mandatory training and more exacting standards, elementary school teachers were able to improve their social standing and prestige., Michal Kneblík., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
27847. UDify Pretrained Model
- Creator:
- Kondratyuk, Dan and Straka, Milan
- Publisher:
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Formal and Applied Linguistics (UFAL)
- Type:
- tool and toolService
- Subject:
- syntax, dependency parser, and universal dependencies
- Language:
- Ancient Greek (to 1453), Arabic, Basque, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Gothic, Modern Greek (1453-), Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Indonesian, Irish, Italian, Japanese, Latin, Norwegian, Church Slavic, Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovenian, Spanish, Swedish, Tamil, Catalan, Chinese, Galician, Kazakh, Latvian, Russian, Turkish, Coptic, Sanskrit, Slovak, Ukrainian, Uighur, Vietnamese, Belarusian, Korean, Lithuanian, Urdu, Russia Buriat, Northern Kurdish, Northern Sami, Upper Sorbian, Afrikaans, Yue Chinese, Marathi, Serbian, Swedish Sign Language, Telugu, Amharic, Armenian, Breton, Faroese, Komi-Zyrian, Nigerian Pidgin, Old French (842-ca. 1400), Tagalog, Thai, Warlpiri, Yoruba, Akkadian, Bambara, Erzya, and Maltese
- Description:
- Pretrained model weights for the UDify model, and extracted BERT weights in pytorch-transformers format. Note that these weights slightly differ from those used in the paper.
- Rights:
- Creative Commons - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0), http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/, and PUB
27848. UDPipe
- Creator:
- Straka, Milan and Straková, Jana
- Publisher:
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Formal and Applied Linguistics (UFAL)
- Type:
- tool and toolService
- Subject:
- tokenizer, POS tagger, tagger, lemmatization, parser, dependency parser, and CoNLL-U
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- UDPipe is an trainable pipeline for tokenization, tagging, lemmatization and dependency parsing of CoNLL-U files. UDPipe is language-agnostic and can be trained given only annotated data in CoNLL-U format. Trained models are provided for nearly all UD treebanks. UDPipe is available as a binary, as a library for C++, Python, Perl, Java, C#, and as a web service. UDPipe is a free software under Mozilla Public License 2.0 (http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/) and the linguistic models are free for non-commercial use and distributed under CC BY-NC-SA (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) license, although for some models the original data used to create the model may impose additional licensing conditions. UDPipe is versioned using Semantic Versioning (http://semver.org/). UDPipe website http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/udpipe contains download links of both the released packages and trained models, hosts documentation and offers online demo. UDPipe development repository http://github.com/ufal/udpipe is hosted on GitHub.
- Rights:
- Mozilla Public License 2.0, http://opensource.org/licenses/MPL-2.0, and PUB
27849. UFAL Parallel Corpus of North Levantine 1.0
- Creator:
- Sellat, Hashem, Saleh, Shadi, Krubiński, Mateusz, Pospíšil, Adam, Zemánek, Petr, and Pecina, Pavel
- Publisher:
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Formal and Applied Linguistics (UFAL)
- Type:
- text and corpus
- Subject:
- multilingual, machine translation, parallel corpus, north levantine, and corpus
- Language:
- North Levantine Arabic, English, French, Spanish, Standard Arabic, Modern Greek (1453-), and German
- Description:
- This is the first release of the UFAL Parallel Corpus of North Levantine, compiled by the Institute of Formal and Applied Linguistics (ÚFAL) at Charles University within the Welcome project (https://welcome-h2020.eu/). The corpus consists of 120,600 multiparallel sentences in English, French, German, Greek, Spanish, and Standard Arabic selected from the OpenSubtitles2018 corpus [1] and manually translated into the North Levantine Arabic language. The corpus was created for the purpose of training machine translation for North Levantine and the other languages.
- Rights:
- Creative Commons - Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0), http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/, and PUB
27850. Uhorské školské reformy: impulz pre sociálny vzostup učiteľov elementárnych škôl?
- Creator:
- Kowalská, Eva
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- židovské školy, vzdělávání učitelů, teacher education, Jewish schools, Maďarsko, Hungary, sociální vzestup, Ratio educationis 1777, social advancement, 8, and 94(437)
- Language:
- Czech and English
- Description:
- As servants of their church community, teachers had to spend much of their time on activities that today we might consider secondary - tasks relating to their ancillary duties as cantor, organist or verger. But in rural communities the teachers, alongside the priests, were often the only educated men in the parish and played a not inconsiderable role in the early stages of the national revival movement. The school reforms passed in 18th century Hungary opened the way for teachers - even those in elementary schools - to improve their social standing and prestige, on condition they fulfilled certain expectations as formulated in the basic reform programme, Ratio educationis (1777). Our paper examines the new types of school (normal, preparatory) that offered teachers better chances of social advancement and public acceptance. Drawing on case studies of teachers in several schools, it documents how they managed to meet the demands made on them while still pursuing and realizing their own ambitions., Eva Kowalská., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public