A tumor-targeting drug delivery system consists of a tumor recognition moiety and a directly linked cytotoxic agent or an agent attached to a water-soluble synthetic polymer carrier through a suitable linker. Conjugation of a drug with a polymer carrier can change its solubility, toxicity, biodistribution, blood clearance and therapeutic specificity. Increased therapeutic specificity of a polymer drug can be achieved by the attachment of a targeting moiety (e.g. a lectin, protein, antibody, or peptide) that specifically interacts with receptors on the target cells. A large number of tumor-specific peptides were described in recent years. After a short introduction, some important examples of peptide-targeted conjugates will be described and discussed., E. Böhmová, R. Pola., and Obsahuje bibliografii
V článku jsou prezentovány známé studie o percepčních vadách sluchu u diabetu 1. a 2. typu. Senzorineurální (kochleární) vada sluchu je u sledovaných diabetiků často potvrzena a tíže poruchy jeví korelaci s progresí nemoci. Etiologicky je zvažována otázka vaskulárních změn ? mikroangiopatie ve vnitřním uchu v oblasti stria vascularis. Ve sluchové protetice došlo v 90. letech 20. století k velkému pokroku nejen v oblasti miniaturizace, ale hlavně po stránce akustické. V polovině 90. let se objevují první digitální sluchadla a rozvíjí se možnosti kochleární implantace. Jedná se o novou filozofii ve zpracování zvukového signálu reprodukovaného sluchadlem. Sdělení podává základní informace o typech sluchadel a o jejich výběru vzhledem k charakteru sluchového postižení., Olga Dlouhá, and Lit. 12
The ability of the aphidophagous coccinellids Cycloneda limbifer Casey and Ceratomegilla undecimnotata (Schneider) to discriminate between simultaneously provided clean paper strips and paper strips with oviposition-deterring larval tracks was studied after the ablation of different sense organs. Females oviposited similar numbers of eggs on paper strips with conspecific tracks and on clean paper strips only when deprived of both maxillary palpi. C. undecimnotata without maxillary palpi also did not differentiate between clean paper strips and paper strips with tracks of the coccinellid Leis dimidiata (F.). If both antennae and one maxillary palpus were simultaneously ablated, females of both species laid significantly more eggs on clean than contaminated paper strips. The results of this study indicate that females use contact chemoreceptors on maxillary palpi exclusively to detect oviposition deterring tracks of conspecific larvae.
Intact females of C. limbifer laid significantly larger batches of eggs on paper strips with conspecific larval tracks, than on clean paper strips in blank test. In contrast, intact females of C. undecimnotata laid significantly smaller batches on paper strips with conspecific tracks than on clean paper strips in blank test. This is the first evidence of an opposite effect of conspecific oviposition deterring larval tracks on egg clustering in aphidophagous coccinellids.
The sovereignty of contemporary state is a key question in the international relationships. The sovereigntyis exceptional right of every state without any external coercion to deciding of problems of internaland external policy. Many states have their own concept of the sovereignty. It has a big influence on the nationaljudicial systems and judicial community’s. In this article author considers the some issues of problemsof implementation of ECHR decisions in the Russian Federation.
There are two basic types of artificial neural networks: Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) and Radial Basis Function network (RBF). The first type (MLP) consists of one type of neuron, which can be decomposed into a linear and sigmoid part. The second type (RBF) consists of two types of neurons: radial and linear ones. The radial basis function is analyzed and then used for decomposition of RBF network. The resulting Perceptron Radial Basis Function Network (PRBF) consists of two types of neurons: linear and extended sigmoid ones. Any RBF network can be directly converted to a four-layer PRBF network while any MLP network with three layers can be approximated by a five-layer PRBF network. The new PRBF network is then a generalization of MLP and RBF network abilities. Learning strategies are also discussed. The new type of PRBF network and its learning via repeated local optimization is demonstrated on a numerical example together with RBF and MLP for comparison. This paper is organized as follows: Basic properties of MLP and RBF neurons are summarized in the first two chapters. The third chapter includes novel relationship between sigmoidal and radial functions, which is useful for RBF decomposition and generalization. Description of new PRBF network, together with its properties, is subject of the fourth chapter. Numerical experiments with a PRBF and their requests are given in the last chapters.