The purpose of this paper is to introduce some new generalized double difference sequence spaces using summability with respect to a two valued measure and an Orlicz function in $2$-normed spaces which have unique non-linear structure and to examine some of their properties. This approach has not been used in any context before.
In this paper, following the methods of Connor \cite {connor}, we extend the idea of statistical convergence of a double sequence (studied by Muresaleen and Edely \cite {moe}) to $\mu $-statistical convergence and convergence in $\mu $-density using a two valued measure $\mu $. We also apply the same methods to extend the ideas of divergence and Cauchy criteria for double sequences. We then introduce a property of the measure $\mu $ called the (APO$_2$) condition, inspired by the (APO) condition of Connor \cite {jc}. We mainly investigate the interrelationships between the two types of convergence, divergence and Cauchy criteria and ultimately show that they become equivalent if and only if the measure $\mu $ has the condition (APO$_2$).
A previously reported procedure for the introduction of Borrelia spirochetes into tick larvae by immersion in a suspension of spirochetes was tested on Ixodes ricinus (L.) ticks and three of the most medically important European Borrelia genomic species, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. garinii and B. afzelii. The procedure was compared with ''classical'' infection of nymphs by feeding on infected mice. Both methods yielded comparable results (infection rate 44-65%) with the exception of B. afzelii, which produced better results using the immersion method (44%) compared with feeding on infected mice (16%). Nymphs infected by the immersion method at the larval stage were able to transmit the infection to naïve mice as shown by serology and PCR detection of spirochetal DNA in organs. The immersion method is faster than feeding on infected mice and provides more reproducible conditions for infection. It can be exploited for studies on both pathogen transmission and Borrelia-vector interactions.
Two closely related parasitoid wasp species with different host specificities were used for experimental studies on the biology of host finding, a crucial element of parasitoid life history: The habitat and host specialist Nasonia vitripennis and the habitat and host generalist Dibrachys microgastri (Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae). The host finding parameters tested included reaction to olfactory cues, aspects of locomotor activity, ability to locate hidden hosts and day-night-activity. The results revealed distinct interspecific differences that match the respective host and habitat ranges of the two species. In N. vitripennis host finding is dominated by olfactory reaction to hosts and host habitat, i.e., fly puparia and birds' nests. In D. microgastri olfactory cues have only a minor role. Its host finding is characterized by rapid searching at random. Both species are able to locate hidden hosts. Although still incomplete, these insights into host finding by two parasitoid species with different life history strategies indicate they can be characterized by specific combinations of behavioural host finding features. and Ralph S. Peters.