It is widely assumed that the possibility of faultless disagreement is to be explained by the peculiar semantics and/or pragmatics of special kinds of linguistic construction. For instance, if A asserts “o is F” and B asserts this sentence’s denial, A and B can disagree faultlessly only if they employ the right kind of predicate as their “F”. In this paper, I present an argument against this assumption. Focusing on the special case when the expression of interest is a predicate, I present a series of examples in which the same pairs of sentences are employed, but in different contexts. In some cases, we get an impression of faultless disagreement and in some cases we don’t. I identify a pattern across these contexts and conclude that faultless disagreement is made possible, not by a special kind of predicate, but instead by a special kind of context.
Fekálna mikrobiálna terapia (FMT) je liečebná metóda, pri ktorej sa prenesie fekálna mikroflóra chorému jedincovi od zdravého darcu, a tým sa obnoví normálne mikrobiálne zloženie čreva. V súčasnosti vzrastá záujem o využitie FMT pri liečbe rôznych chorôb, avšak neexistujú štandardné terapeutické protokoly. Postupy pri realizácii FMT sa líšia vo viacerých aspektoch, ako je výber darcu, príprava fekálnych materiálov, príprava príjemcu a spôsob aplikácie. FMT sa zdá byť najúspešnejšia v liečbe rekurentnej infekcie Clostridium difficile, randomizované kontrolované štúdie dokázali úspešnosť približne 90 %. Existujú aj obmedzené výsledky pre liečbu ulceróznej kolitídy, publikované boli malé série prípadov, ktorých výsledky však nie sú jednotné. Využitie FMT sa skúma aj v liečbe iných chorôb, pri ktorých je narušená črevná mikroflóra, ako sú napr. kardiovaskulárne, autoimunitné a metabolické ochorenia. Nateraz je pri FMT veľa nezodpovedaných otázok, a preto je nevyhnutný ďalší výskum v tejto oblasti., Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a therapeutic method, in which the fecal microflora from healthy donors is transmitted to the patient to restore the healthy microbial composition of the gut. In the recent years, there is a growing interest in the therapeutic potential of FMT in various diseases. The standard FMT protocols do not exist. Procedures of FMT vary in several aspects such as donor selection, preparation of fecal material, preparation of the recipient and administration way. FMT appears to be the most successful in the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), randomized controlled studies reported 90 % success rate. There is a limited evidence for FMT as a treatment of ulcerative colitis. FMT has been also studied as treatment of diseases with impaired gut microbiota, such as cardiovascular, autoimmune and metabolic diseases. Many unanswered questions with regard to FMT remain and further research is needed., and Igor Šturdík, Tibor Hlavatý, Juraj Payer
The main purpose of this paper is to compare two pluralistic approaches to knowledge, Goodman’s theory of worldmaking and Feyerabend’s methodological anarchism. It therefore examines firstly, the concept of world-versions, which according to Goodman create our worlds and at the same time are crucial for achieving a better understanding of reality; and secondly, the concept of alternative theories which are built upon pluralism and, according to Feyerabend, secure knowledge and make scientific progress possible. Feyerabend’s concept has been rejected by many, seemingly for its lack of limitations. In line with this argument, I propose that based on the comparison of these two pluralistic approaches, the alternative theories can be understood as a part of worldmaking, for Goodman’s theory has wider applicability since it encompasses not only science but also art. Furthermore, I suggest adopting Goodman’s principle of rightness, the criterion of functionality in his worldmaking, as a criterion within Feyerabend’s methodological anarchism when establishing the prevailing theory. It is to be expected that such a juxtaposition will uncover inconsistencies, in particular regarding boundless relativism and the vague terminology in both conceptions.