This paper investigates the impact of surface soil moisture assimilation on the estimation of both parameters and states in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model using the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) method in upper Huai River basin. The investigation is carried out through a series of synthetic experiments and real world tests using a merged soil moisture product (ESA CCI SM) developed by the European Space Agency, and considers both the joint state-parameter updating and only state updating schemes. The synthetic experiments show that with joint stateparameter update, the estimation of model parameter SOL_AWC (the available soil water capacity) and model states (the soil moisture in different depths) can be significantly improved by assimilating the surface soil moisture. Meanwhile, the runoff modeling for the whole catchment is also improved. With only state update, the improvement on runoff modeling shows less significance and robustness. Consistent with the synthetic experiments, the assimilation of the ESA CCI SM with joint state-parameter update shows considerable capability in the estimation of SOL_AWC. Both the joint stateparameter update and the only state update scheme could improve the streamflow modeling although the optimal model and observation error parameters for them are quite different. However, due to the high vegetation coverage of the study basin, and the strong spatial mismatch between the satellite and the model simulated soil moisture, it is still challenging to significantly benefit the runoff estimates by assimilating the ESA CCI SM.
Isothermal and non-isothermal infiltration experiments with tracer breakthrough were carried out in the laboratory
on one intact column (18.9 cm in diameter, 25 cm in height) of sandy loam soil. For the isothermal experiment, the
temperature of the infiltrating water was 20°C to the initial temperature of the sample. For the two non-isothermal experiments
water temperature was set at 8°C and 6°C, while the initial temperature of the sample was 22°C. The experiments
were conducted under the same initial and boundary conditions. Pressure heads and temperatures were monitored in two
depths (8.8 and 15.3 cm) inside the soil sample. Two additional temperature sensors monitored the entering and leaving
temperatures of the water. Water drained freely through the perforated plate at the bottom of the sample by gravity and
outflow was measured using a tipping bucket flowmeter. The permeability of the sample calculated for steady state stages
of the experiment showed that the significant difference between water flow rates recorded during the two experiments
could not only be justified by temperature induced changes of the water viscosity and density. The observed data
points of the breakthrough curve were successfully fitted using the two-region physical non-equilibrium model. The results
of the breakthrough curves showed similar asymmetric shapes under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions.
Deficit železa je častou komorbiditou u pacientov s chronickým srdcovým zlyhávaním a asociuje so zhoršenou prognózou chorého. Dotýka sa to kvality života chorých a častejších rehospitalizácií. Metabolizmus železa je zložitý a máme dnes aj novšie informácie, hlavne u chorých so srdcovým zlyhávaním. Tieto článok pripomína. Rozoberá aj absolútny a funkčný deficit železa. U srdcového zlyhávania práve deficit železa ovplyvňuje prognózu chorého, a nie tak prítomnosť anémie. Prevalencia anémie u srdcového zlyhávania je asi 30–35 %, vyššia je u osôb s častejšími akútnymi dekompenzáciami ochorenia. Liečba deficitu železa je potrebná a priaznivo zlepšuje prognózu. Najviac skúseností z klinických štúdií je s i.v. podávaním železa (štúdie FERRIC HF, FAIR HF, CONFIRM HF), a menej informácií máme o perorálnom príjme železa. Zatiaľ neboli publikovane veľké a dlhotrvajúce štúdie s podávaním železa, ktoré by analyzovali mortalitu ochorenia. Kľúčové slová: liečebný prístup u deficitu železa – metabolizmus železa u srdcového zlyhávania – prevalencia deficitu železa – srdcové zlyhávanie, Iron deficiency is a frequent comorbidity in a patient with chronic heart failure, and it associates with a worse prognosis of that patient. Mainly worse quality of life and more rehospitalizations are in these iron deficient patients. Iron metabolism is rather complex and there is some new information concerning this complexity in heart failure. We distinquish an absolute and a functional iron deficiency in heart failure. It is this deficit which is important and not as much is anemia important here. Prevalence of anaemia in heart failure is about 30–50 %, higher it is in patients suffering more frequently heart failure decompensations. Treatment of iron deficiency is important and it improves prognosis of these patients. Most experiences there are with i.v. iron treatment (FERRIC HF, FAIR HF and CONFIRM HF studies), less so with per oral treatment. There are no clinical trials which analysed mortality influences. Key words: heart failure – iron metabolism in heart failure – prevalence of iron deficit – treatment of iron deficiency in heart failure, and Ján Murín, Miroslav Pernický