The paper accounts for options of a useful application of modern logic to the discourse of normative disciplines. We map (selectively) a developement of interplay between logic on the one hand, and the normative discourse on the other hand in the 20th century. We find inspiration in theories explicating the notion of institutional (social) facts and appeal to a category of conative normative facts in order to successfully account for a structure of normative reasoning. It is suggested that an interiorization and acceptance of an imperative by its addressee creates a conative fact. Complex conative facts are construed as complex explicit attitudes. Logical relations among a variety of conative attitudes are taken as consequences of their different meaning. Moreover, we emphasize the importance of several praxeological principles for explaining reasoning based on norms and normative facts. and František Gahér
The paper discusses changes in the hydrological regime of high mountain Lake Morskie Oko located in the Tatra Mountains, in the Tatra Mountains National Park, a UNESCO biosphere reserve (MaB). According to the research conducted in the years 1971–2015, its water stages decreased by 3.5 cm·dec–1, mean annual water temperature increased by 0.3ºC·dec–1 and the duration of ice phenomena and ice cover was reduced by 10 day·dec–1. No considerable changes in maximum values of ice cover thickness were recorded. Such tendencies are primarily caused by long-term changes in climatic conditions – air temperature and atmospheric precipitation. The hydrological regime of the lake was also determined by changes in land use in the lake’s catchment and its location in high mountains.
In this study a 25-year (1976-2000) series of observed precipitation, temperature, runoff and further water-flows of a lysimeter balance within the pre-alpine research catchment Rietholzbach (Switzerland) is analyzed. The comparison of the precipitation volumes on this lysimeter to precipitation collected by a conventional rain gauge shows that conventional rain gauges provide strongly underestimated values for precipitation, especially in winter. The obtained monthly precipitation correction factors indicate that precipitation losses above 20% for rain and above 50% for snow are realistic. The observed hydrometeorological values allowed for improving the understanding of the model-based simulation of the hydrological processes with distributed hydrological models and for investigating both a conceptual and a physically based runoff-generation approach. The albedo, soil moisture and lysimeter water balance allowed for a simultaneous assessment of the performance of several model components, such as the soil moisture, runoff-generation and evapotranspiration modules and the module for the determination of snow cover accumulation and melt. and V príspevku sú analyzované 25-ročné rady zrážok, teploty vzduchu, odtoku a hydrologickej bilancie v lyzimetri vo výskumnom povodí Rietholzbach (Švajčiarsko). Porovnanie zrážok zachytených lyzimetrom a konvenčným zrážkomerom ukazuje, že údaje zo zrážkomera sú veľmi podhodnotené, najmä v zime. Podľa získaných mesačných koeficientov opráv zrážok sú straty zrážok vyše 20 % pre dážď a vyše 50 % pre sneh realistické. Pozorované meteorologické údaje umožnili lepšie pochopiť simuláciu hydrologických procesov pomocou distribuovaných hydrologických modelov a pomohli pri posudzovaní konceptuálneho aj fyzikálne založeného prístupu k modelovaniu tvorby odtoku. Albedo, vlhkosť pôdy a hydrologická bilancia lyzimetra umožnili posúdiť funkciu niekoľkých zložiek modelu (moduly vlhkosti pôdy, tvorby odtoku, evapotranpirácie a akumulácie a topenia snehu).
Longer term monitoring of soil water content at a catchment scale is a key to understanding its dynamics, which can assist stakeholders in decision making processes, such as land use change or irrigation programs. Soil water monitoring in agriculturally dominated catchments can help in developing soil water retention measurements, for assessment of land use change, or adaptation of specific land management systems to climate change. The present study was carried out in the Pannonian region (Upper-Balaton, Hungary) on Cambisols and Calcisols between 2015 and 2021. Soil water content (SWC) dynamics were investigated under different land use types (vineyard, grassland, and forest) at three depths (15, 40, and 70 cm). The meteorological data show a continuous decrease in cumulative precipitation over time during the study with an average of 26% decrease observed between 2016 and 2020, while average air temperatures were similar for all the studied years. Corresponding to the lower precipitation amounts, a clear decrease in the average SWC was observed at all the land use sites, with 13.4%, 37.7%, and 29.3% lower average SWC for the grassland, forest, and vineyard sites, respectively, from 2016 to 2020 (measured at the 15 cm depth of the soil). Significant differences in SWC were observed between the annual and seasonal numbers within a given land use (p < 0.05). The lowest average SWC was observed at the grassland (11.7%) and the highest at the vineyard (28.3%). The data showed an increasing average soil temperature, with an average 6.3% higher value in 2020 compared to 2016. The grassland showed the highest (11.3 °C) and the forest soil the lowest (9.7 °C) average soil temperatures during the monitoring period. The grassland had the highest number of days with the SWC below the wilting point, while the forest had the highest number of days with the SWC optimal for the plants.
The Lazy Argument, as it is preserved in historical testimonies, is not logically conclusive. In this form, it appears to have been proposed in favor of part-time fatalism (including past time fatalism). The argument assumes that free will assumption is unacceptable from the standpoint of the logical fatalists but plausible for some of the non-universal or part-time fatalists. There are indications that the layout of argument is not genuine, but taken over from a Megarian source and later transformed. The genuine form of the argument seems to be given in different form and far closer to logical fatalism and whose purpose is not to defend laziness. If the historical argument has to lead to the logically satisfactory solution, some additional assumptions and its additional tuning are needed., Lazy argument, jak to je uchováno v historických svědectvích, není logicky přesvědčivý. V této podobě se zdá, že byl navržen ve prospěch částečného smrtelného fatalismu (včetně fatalismu v minulosti). Argument předpokládá, že předpoklad svobodné vůle je nepřijatelný z hlediska logických fatalistů, ale hodnověrný pro některé z neuniverzálních nebo na částečný úvazek fatalistů. Existují náznaky, že uspořádání argumentu není pravé, ale převzato z megarského zdroje a později transformováno. Skutečná podoba argumentu se zdá být dána v jiné formě a daleko blíže logickému fatalismu a jeho účelem není bránit lenost. Pokud musí historický argument vést k logicky uspokojivému řešení, je třeba provést některé další předpoklady a další ladění., and Vladimír Marko
The Lazy Argument, as it is preserved in historical testimonies, is not logically conclusive. In this form, it appears to have been proposed in favor of part-time fatalism (including past time fatalism). The argument assumes that free will assumption is unacceptable from the standpoint of the logical fatalist but plausible for some of the non-universal or part-time fatalists. There are ndications that the layout of argument is not genuine, but taken over from a Megarian source and later transformed. The genuine form of the argument seems to be given in different form and far closer to logical fatalism and its purpose is not to defend laziness. If the historical argument has to lead to a logically satisfactory solution, some additional assumptions and additional tuning is needed., Lazy argument, jak to je uchováno v historických svědectvích, není logicky přesvědčivý. V této podobě se zdá, že byly navrženy ve prospěch částečného smrtelného fatalismu (včetně fatalismu v minulosti). Argument předpokládá, že předpoklad svobodné vůle je nepřijatelný z hlediska logického fatalistu, ale hodnověrný pro některé z neuniverzálních nebo na částečný úvazek fatalistů. Tam jsou ndications že rozložení argumentu není pravé, ale převzatý od Megarian zdroje a později transformoval. Skutečná podoba argumentu se zdá být dána v jiné formě a daleko blíže logickému fatalismu a jeho účelem není bránit lenost. Pokud musí historický argument vést k logicky uspokojivému řešení, je třeba provést některé další předpoklady a další ladění., and Vladimír Marko
In his last book about Locke’s philosophy, E. J. Lowe claims that Frege’s arguments against the Lockean conception of number are not compelling, while at the same time he painstakingly defines the Lockean conception Lowe himself espouses. The aim of this paper is to show that the textual evidence considered by Lowe may be interpreted in another direction. This alternative reading of Frege’s arguments throws light on Frege’s and Lowe’s different agendas. Moreover, in this paper, the problem of singular sentences of number is presented, and Frege’s and Lowe’s views are confronted with it., Ve své poslední knize o Lockeově filosofii EJ Lowe tvrdí, že Fregeho argumenty proti Lockeanově pojetí čísla nejsou přesvědčivé, zatímco zároveň pečlivě definuje Lockeanovu koncepci Lowe sám. Cílem tohoto příspěvku je ukázat, že textové důkazy, které Lowe zvažuje, mohou být interpretovány jiným směrem. Toto alternativní čtení Fregeových argumentů vrhá světlo na různé agendy Fregeho a Loweho. V tomto příspěvku je navíc prezentován problém jednotlivých číselných vět a Fregeovy a Loweho názory jsou s ním konfrontovány., and Agustin Arrieta-Urtizberea