The study presents F. Suárez’s theory of the principles of sensation in the context of medieval (Averroes, John of Jandun) and renaissance philosophy (Nifo, Cajetan). It proceeds in five steps. First, it considers Suárez’s ontology of sensory cognitive act. Second, it treats Suárez’s theory of the formation of sensible species. Third, it presents Suárez’s ontology of sensible species. Fourth, it exposes Suárez’s theory of the efficient causes of the sensory cognitive act. In conclusion, the author states that Suárez’s theory, compared to the doctrines of Aquinas and Thomists, constitutes the significant historical shift from cognitive passivism to cognitive activism mirroring the Zeitgeist of the Renaissance philosophy without abandoning the basic tenets of the traditional Aristotelian – scholastic philosophy., Studie prezentuje teorii F. Suáreze o principech vnímání v kontextu středověkých (Averroes, John of Jandun) a renesanční filosofie (Nifo, Cajetan). Postupuje v pěti krocích. Za prvé považuje Suárezovu ontologii smyslového kognitivního aktu. Za druhé, jedná se o Suárezovu teorii utváření rozumných druhů. Za třetí, prezentuje Suárezovu ontologii rozumných druhů. Za čtvrté, odhaluje Suárezovu teorii efektivních příčin smyslového kognitivního aktu. V závěru autor uvádí, že Suárez teorie, ve srovnání s učením Tomáše Akvinského a Thomists, představuje významný historický posun od kognitivní passivism na kognitivní aktivismu zrcadlení na Zeitgeist renesančního filozofie aniž bychom opustili základní zásady tradiční aristotelské - scholastické filozofie., and Daniel Heider
Frege argues that considering Socrates as an object in the proposition “Socrates exists” raises two problems. First, this proposition would be uninformative. Second, its negation entails a contradiction. Attempting to solve these problems, Frege claims that Socrates is representing the concept of a man whose name is Socrates. Therefore, existence is a second-order concept. This paper surveys the main modern theories about the types of existence, in order to find another response to Frege’s problems. For, if Socrates’ existence differs from the type that “exists” implies, “Socrates exists” is informative and its negation is not a contradiction. At last, this paper argues for an idea, in which “existence” is not a concept or property. Existence is the principle of the objects. So, “Socrates exists” is in fact “the existence is Socrates,” and “Socrates does not exist” is “there is no existence that be Socrates.” This idea could be an alternative for responding to Frege’s problems.
This paper focuses on three theories of personal identity that incorporate the idea that personal identity is the result of a person’s adopting certain attitudes towards certain mental states and actions. I call these theories subjective theories of personal identity. I argue that it is not clear what the proponents of these theories mean by “personal identity”. On standard theories, such as animalism or psychological theories, the term “personal identity” refers to the numerical identity of persons and its analysis provides the persistence conditions for persons. I argue that if the subjective theories purport to provide a criterion of numerical personal identity, they fail. A different interpretation may suggest that they purport to provide a non-numerical type of identity for the purpose of providing plausible analyses of certain identity-related practical concerns. I argue that the criteria the subjective theories provide fail to capture several of the identity-related concerns. As a result, this interpretation must be rejected as well., Tato práce se zaměřuje na tři teorie osobní identity, které zahrnují myšlenku, že osobní identita je výsledkem toho, že člověk přijímá určité postoje k určitým duševním stavům a činnostem. Tyto teorie nazývám subjektivními teoriemi osobní identity. Tvrdím, že není jasné, co zastánci těchto teorií znamenají „osobní identitou“. Na standardních teoriích, jako jsou zvířecí nebo psychologické teorie, se termín „osobní identita“ vztahuje na numerickou identitu osob a její analýza poskytuje podmínky vytrvalosti pro osoby. Tvrdím, že pokud subjektivní teorie mají za cíl poskytnout kritérium numerické osobní identity, neuspějí. Jiný výklad může naznačovat, že mají za cíl poskytnout nečíselný typ identity za účelem poskytnutí věrohodných analýz určitých praktických problémů souvisejících s identitou. Tvrdím, že kritéria subjektivních teorií nedokážou zachytit několik problémů souvisejících s identitou. V důsledku toho musí být tento výklad rovněž zamítnut., and Radim Bělohrad
The lateral saturated hydraulic conductivity, Ks,l, is the soil property that mostly governs subsurface flow in
hillslopes. Determinations of Ks,l at the hillslope scale are expected to yield valuable information for interpreting and
modeling hydrological processes since soil heterogeneities are functionally averaged in this case. However, these data
are rare since the experiments are quite difficult and costly. In this investigation, that was carried out in Sardinia (Italy),
large-scale determinations of Ks,l were done in two adjacent hillslopes covered by a Mediterranean maquis and grass, respectively,
with the following objectives: i) to evaluate the effect of land use change on Ks,l, and ii) to compare estimates
of Ks,l obtained under natural and artificial rainfall conditions. Higher Ks,l values were obtained under the maquis than in
the grassed soil since the soil macropore network was better connected in the maquis soil. The lateral conductivity increased
sharply close to the soil surface. The sharp increase of Ks,l started at a larger depth for the maquis soil than the
grassed one. The Ks,l values estimated during artificial rainfall experiments agreed with those obtained during the natural
rainfall periods. For the grassed site, it was possible to detect a stabilization of Ks,l in the upper soil layer, suggesting that
flow transport capacity of the soil pore system did not increase indefinitely. This study highlighted the importance of the
experimental determination of Ks,l at the hillslope scale for subsurface modeling, and also as a benchmark for developing
appropriate sampling methodologies based on near-point estimation of Ks,l.