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512. Sexual dimorphism in the Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae) metabolome increases throughout development
- Creator:
- Ingleby, Fiona C. and Morrow, Edward H.
- Format:
- print, počítač, and online zdroj
- Type:
- article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, dvoukřídlí, octomilkovití, ontogeneze, sexuální dimorfismus, Diptera, Drosophilidae, ontogeny, sexual dimorphism, Drosophila melanogaster, metabolome, transcriptome, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The expression of sexually dimorphic phenotypes from a shared genome between males and females is a longstanding puzzle in evolutionary biology. Increasingly, research has made use of transcriptomic technology to examine the molecular basis of sexual dimorphism through gene expression studies, but even this level of detail misses the metabolic processes that ultimately link gene expression with the whole organism phenotype. We use metabolic profiling in Drosophila melanogaster to complete this missing step, with a view to examining variation in male and female metabolic profiles, or metabolomes, throughout development. We show that the metabolome varies considerably throughout larval, pupal and adult stages. We also find significant sexual dimorphism in the metabolome, although only in pupae and adults, and the extent of dimorphism increases throughout development. We compare this to transcriptomic data from the same population and find that the general pattern of increasing sex differences throughout development is mirrored in RNA expression. We discuss our results in terms of the usefulness of metabolic profiling in linking genotype and phenotype to more fully understand the basis of sexually dimorphic phenotypes., Fiona C. Ingleby, Edward H. Morrow., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
513. Short term response of ants to the removal of ground cover in organic olive orchards
- Creator:
- Campos, Mercedes, Fernández, Luisa, Ruano, Francisca, Cotes, Belén, Cárdenas, Manuel, and Castro, Juan
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, entomologie, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, disturbance, biodiversity, soil management, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Ants are the most abundant group of soil arthropods in olive groves where they are involved in various trophic relationships of great importance for crops. The system of soil management is one agricultural practice that has a great effect on ants, so the objective of this study was to compare ant populations in organic olive orchards with a ground cover of natural vegetation and others where this natural vegetation is mechanically removed at the beginning of June. Ants were sampled using pitfall traps at 14, 30, 70 and 90 days after the removal of the ground vegetation. Overall, ant biodiversity did not change. However, changes were observed in the abundance of ant species, in particular, in those species that build shallow nests in the soil, both between the rows of trees and under the canopy of olive trees. In contrast, deep nesting species, such as Messor barbarus, were not affected. The response also differed between the various genera: the abundance of Cataglyphis increased, due to there being more of the species C. rosenhaueri, while there was a significant fall in Aphaenogaster, due to the decline in abundance of A. senilis. Thirty days after the removal of vegetation, the response of most of the genera was clearly noticeable, due to the increased activity of workers, and in some cases there were still differences after 90 days. and Mercedes Campos, Luisa Fernández, Francisca Ruano, Belén Cotes, Manuel Cárdenas, Juan Castro.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
514. Silk recycling in larvae of the wax moth, Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
- Creator:
- Shaik, Haq Abdul, Mishra, Archana, and František Sehnal
- Format:
- print, počítač, and online zdroj
- Type:
- article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, zavíječovití, zavíječ voskový, motýli, Pyralidae, Galleria mellonella, butterflies, Lepidoptera, silk recycling, larval silk, cocoon silk, Bombyx mori, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Galleria mellonella larvae spin protective tubes, which they use until they finish feeding, when they spin cocoons. A feeding choice experiment showed that some of the silk produced by feeding larvae was consumed in addition to the standard diet (STD). To determine the effect of feeding on silk, last instar larvae were fed for 24 h on foods based on STD but modified by replacing the dry milk component (10% of the diet) with equal amounts of different kinds of silk. While each control larva consumed 21 ± 0.5 mg of the STD and produced 4.5 ± 0.1 mg of silk, larvae that ate the food that contained larval silk consumed 10 ± 0.4 mg of food and produced 6.1 ± 0.1 mg silk; the percentage ratio of silk produced to diet consumed was 21% and 61%, respectively. A more pronounced reduction in food consumption occurred when larvae were supplied with Galleria "cocoon" silk or the sericin fraction of such silk, and only 3.8 mg/larva was ingested of the diet containing Bombyx mori cocoon silk or its sericin fraction. Silk production expressed in terms of percentage of diet consumed was always higher than that recorded for larvae fed STD. We conclude that G. mellonella larvae recycle part of the silk that they produce during feeding. Presence of silk in the diet reduces food intake but increases the ratio of silk production to diet consumption. Sericin fraction of the cocoon silk seems to deter feeding., Haq Abdul Shaik, Archana Mishra, František Sehnal., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
515. Size- and context-dependent nest-staying behaviour of males of the Japanese dung beetle, Copris acutidens (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
- Creator:
- Akamine, Mayumi
- Format:
- print, počítač, and online zdroj
- Type:
- article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, brouci, vrubounovití, beetles, Scarabaeidae, Coleoptera, Copris acutidens, reproductive behaviour, male dimorphism, subsocial Scarabaeinae, post-copulatory processes, paternal provisioning, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Male dimorphism in insects is often accompanied by alternative mating tactics, which may, together with morphological traits, determine fitness of the different male morphs. Fitness consequences of male head horn size, male-male competition and male nest-staying behaviour were experimentally assessed in Copris acutidens, in which major and minor males can co-occur in nests. Possible differences in their reproductive behaviour and breeding success were assayed in a breeding experiment, in which females were paired with one major male, one minor male, or a pair of major and minor males. The advantage of major males staying in a nest along with a rival male is that major males are reproductively more successful than minor males in this species. The weight of dung transported into nests was significantly less in rearing containers containing two males than in those with a single male of either morph, although it did not differ between major and minor males when kept alone. The results indicate that the presence of a rival male negatively affects male provisioning due to interference from rival males. In contrast, in the present study, an increased incidence of male nest-staying behaviour was recorded in the two- male and one minor male treatment than in the one major male treatment. These results indicate that because of the risk of sperm competition, major males stay longer in nests if a rival male is present. Furthermore, minor males (which are subject to a higher risk of sperm competition) stay longer than major males in nests without a rival male. In other words, the present study revealed an alternative behaviour during the post-copulatory stage associated with horn dimorphism and the presence or absence of a rival male., Mayumi Akamine., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
516. Size-related mortality during overwintering in cavity-nesting ant colonies (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
- Creator:
- Mitrus, Sławomir
- Format:
- print, počítač, and online zdroj
- Type:
- article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Temnothorax crassispinus, survival rate, snow cover, social insects, overwintering, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The ongoing process of climate change will result in higher temperatures during winter and therefore might increase the survival of overwintering invertebrates. However, the process may also lead to a reduction in snow cover and expose overwintering invertebrates to lower temperatures, which could result in higher mortality. During a field experiment, I investigated the effects of a reduction in snow cover on the survival of the ant Temnothorax crassispinus, which overwinters in nests located on the ground. Ant colonies differed in the survival rate of the workers in the experimental (from which snow cover was removed) and control group. In the control group, the survival rate was unrelated to colony size. However, in the experimental group, from which snow was removed after each heavy snowfall, worker survival was lower in small colonies. Such colony size related mortality may affect the fusion of colonies before winter. and Sławomir Mitrus.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
517. Sklípkánek hnědý - pavouk roku 2013
- Creator:
- Milan Řezáč
- Format:
- Type:
- article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, hmyz, sklípkanovití, insects, Mygalomorpha, 2, and 59
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Pro rok 2013 se stal evropským pavoukem roku sklípkánek hnědý (Atypus affinis). Jde o jednoho ze tří druhů sklípkanů vyskytujících se v České republice. V článku popisuji morfologii, způsob života, stanovištní nároky a rozšíření sklípkánka hnědého. Je naším nejhojnějším zástupcem rodu, vyskytuje se na suchých osluněných kamenitých stráních s řídkou stromovou vegetací. Jeho stanoviště nejsou bezprostředně ohrožena sílícím zarůstáním krajiny., The Purse-Web Spider (Atypus affinis) became the European Spider of the Year 2013. The genus Atypus comprises three species in Europe. The morphology, natural history, habitat requirements and distribution of A. affinis are described. In Central Europe, it is the most common Atypus species and it occurs on dry sunny rocky slopes with sparse woody vegetation. These habitats do not tend to be overgrown by expansive tree or grass species., and Milan Řezáč.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
518. Slíďáci a česká arachnologie. I
- Creator:
- Jan Buchar
- Format:
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, pavouci, Česko, slíďáci, 2, and 59
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- The article presents the characteristic features of the worldwide wolf spider family (Lycosidae) and describes how its study has affected Czech arachnology, which takes credit for resolving several issues. Among the 38 families of spiders living in the Czech Republic, wolf spiders are remarkable for their ecology. Wolf spider vital signs are so prominent that every observer inevitably notices their constant movement. In addition to history of the research into the wolf spider family, some faunistic issues are also presented. and Jan Buchar.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
519. Slíďáci a česká arachnologie. II
- Creator:
- Jan Buchar
- Format:
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, pavouci, Česko, slíďáci, arachnologie, 2, and 59
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- The second part of this article on the wolf spider family (Lycosidae) and the importance of Czech arachnologists in its study deals with various questions involving the taxonomy, zoogeography, ecology, bioindications and protection of these spiders, as well as their etology and cytogenetics. and Jan Buchar.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
520. Složité cesty návratů
- Creator:
- Evžen Kůs
- Format:
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, kůň Převalského, chov zvířat, 2, and 59
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Evžen Kůs. and 4 čb. fot.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public