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3. O rychlosti dopravy v době laténské a jejích hospodářských, politických a kulturních dopadech na společnost

Creator:
Salač, Vladimír
Type:
article, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
doba laténská, střední Evropa, rychlost, doprava, obchod, hospodářství, sídlištní struktura, La Tène period, central Europe, speed, transport, trade, economy, geographic space, social space, and settlement structure
Language:
Czech
Description:
Článek si klade za cíl zkoumat rychlost dopravy v době železné a pokusit se využít získané poznatky při poznávání organizace dopravy a obchodu, při interpretaci sídelních struktur i při obecném pohledu na vývoj starých společností. V textu je nejprve předložen výběr údajů z písemných pramenů od antiky po raný novověk týkajících se rychlosti dopravy. Tento výběr ukázal, že se dosahované rychlosti po celé toto období (až do zavedení železnice) nijak výrazně neměnily, proto lze pro modelování určitých situací v pravěké dopravě údaje z písemných zpráv, a to nejen antických, s opatrností využívat. Následně se autor věnuje hlavním faktorům, které (nejen) v pravěku ovlivňovaly rychlost dopravy. V závěrečných pasážích autor využívá dosažené údaje při rekonstrukci dovozu soli do Čech a hodnocení organizace osídlení Čech v době laténské. Vyjadřuje se rovněž k problematice geografického a sociálního prostoru. and The aim of the article was to study the speed of transport in the Iron Age and to attempt to use the acquired information to learn about the organisation of transport and trade, during interpretations of settlement structures, and while using a general view of the development of early societies. The text first presents a selection of information on the subject of the speed of transport from written sources dating from Antiquity through to the Early Modern period. This selection showed that transport speed throughout this entire period (up until the advent of the railway) did not change significantly, and it is therefore possible to use information from written sources (and not only antique) to model certain situations in prehistoric transport. The author then addresses the main factors that influenced the speed of transport in prehistoric times and in the subsequent period. In the closing passages the author uses the obtained information to reconstruct the transport of salt to Bohemia and for an evaluation of the organisation of settlement in Bohemia in the La Tène period. The author also deals with the issue of geographic and social space.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

5. Phyllosilicates in the sediment-forming processes: weathering, erosion, transportation, and deposition

Creator:
Jiří Konta
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Geologie. Meteorologie. Klimatologie, jílové minerály, zvětrávání, eroze (geologie), doprava, chemická stálost, krystalizace, clay minerals, weathering, erosion, transportation, chemical stability, crystallization, phyllosilicates, structural variability, sediment-form ing processes, rock-forming silicates, deposition, index of corrosion, volcanic glass, chemical microenvironment, clay pseudomorphs, capillary system, river suspensions, lutites, deflocculation, coagulation, fluvial, lacustrine and marine muds, 7, and 551
Language:
English
Description:
a1_Phyllosilicates are classified into the following groups: 1 - Neutral 1:1 structures: the kaolinite and serpentine group. 2 - Neutral 2:1 structures: the pyrophyllite and talc group. 3 - High-charge 2:1 structures, non-expansible in polar liquids: illite and the dioctahedral and trioctahedral micas, also brittle micas. 4 - Low- to medium-charge 2:1 structures, expansible phyllosilicates in polar liquids: smectites and vermiculites. 5 - Neutral 2:1:1 structures: chlorites. 6 - Neutral to weak-char ge ribbon structures, so-called pseudophyllosilicates or hormites: palygorskite and sepiolite (fibrous crystalline clay minerals ). 7 - Amorphous clay minerals. Order-disorder states, polymorphism, polytypism, and inters tratifications of phyllosilicates are influenced by several factors: 1) a chemical micromilieu acting during the crystallization in any environment, including the space of clay pseudomorphs after original rock-forming silicates or volcanic glasses; 2) the accepted thermal energy; 3) the permeability. The composition and properties of parent rocks and minerals in the weathering crusts, the elevation, and topography of source areas and climatic conditions control the in tensity of weathering, erosion, and there sulting assemblage of phyllosilicates to be transported after erosion. The enormously high accumulation of phyllosilicates in the sedimentary lithosphere is primarily conditioned by their high up to extremely high chemical stability in water-rich environments (expressed by index of corrosion, IKO). Clastic material eroded fro m weathering crusts and transported in rivers contains overwhelming amounts of phyllosilicates inherited from original rocks. In geological literature, the newly formed phyllosilicates crystallizing in weathering crusts including soils as dominating global source of argillaceous lutite accumulations in the sedimentary lithosphere have been overestimate for a long time., a2_The dissolution of silicates in different dense rocks under conditions of weathering and the crystallization of newly formed phyllosilicates has been strongly and for long periods influenced by chemical microenvironments within each clay pseudomorph. Coarser fragments of eroded argillaceous rocks and crystals of phyllosilicates from different bedrocks and soils are very sensitive to impacts and pressure from fragments of co-transported harder and denser rocks and minerals in turbulent fluvial and similar currents. This is the most important mechanical phenomenon supporting the enormous accumulation of lutite rocks rich in phyllosilicates in the sedimentary lithosphere. The summarized new observations and interpre tations are stressed in eleven key poin ts. Erosion and water transportation of detrital material are explained in the terms of hydration, softening, swelling, physical disintegration, grinding, milling, abrasion, delamination, dispersi on, and sorting. The deposition of phyllosilicates in different fluid dynamics of streams is expressed by Re and Fr numbers and explained as unflocculated and floccu lated suspensions. Phyllosilicates an d accompanying detrital minerals in recent marine muds covering vast areas of seas and oceans as well as in lacustrine muds correspond with those transpor ted in fluvial suspensions., Jiří Konta., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public