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33572. Toxoplasma gondii ROP17 promotes autophagy via the Bcl-2-Beclin 1 pathway
- Creator:
- Guo, Min, Sun, Jia, Wang, Wen-tao, Liu, Hong-yan, Liu, Yue-hua, Qin, Ke-ru, Hu, Jin-rui, Li, Xin-yang, Liu, Hong-li, Wang, Wei, Chen, Zhao-yang, Wang, Chun-fang, and Wang, Hai-long
- Format:
- počítač and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- toxoplasma, rhoptry organelle protein 17, cellular autophagy, Becn 1, and B-cell lymphoma-2
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The apicomplexan Toxoplasma gondii (Nicolle et Manceaux, 1908) secretes a group of serine/threonine kinases from rhoptries, which play vital roles in boosting intracellular infection. Toxoplasma gondii rhoptry organelle protein 17 (ROP17) is one of these important kinase proteins. Nevertheless, its function remains unclear. Here, we showed that ROP17 induced autophagy in vitro and in vivo. The autophagy of small intestine tissues of T. gondii tachyzoite (RH strain)-infected mice was detected by the immunohistochemistry staining of LC3B, Beclin 1 and P62. ROP17 overexpression augmented starvation-induced autophagy in HEK 293T cells as measured by MDC staining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), fluorescence microscopy and Western blot analysis. Moreover, the interaction of ROP17 and Bcl-2 was confirmed using co-immunoprecipitation analysis, and the data demonstrated that ROP17 had an autophagic role dependent on the Beclin 1-Bcl-2 pathway, which was also revealed in an in vivo model through immunohistochemical staining. Pearson coefficient analysis showed that there existed strong positive correlations between the expression of ROP17 and LC3B, Beclin 1 and phosphorylation of Bcl-2, while strong negative correlations between the expression of ROP17 and p62 and Bcl-2. Collectively, our findings indicate that ROP17 plays a pivotal role in maintaining T. gondii proliferation in host cells via the promotion of autophagy-dependent survival.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
33573. Toxoplasma gondii strain-dependent effects on mouse behaviour
- Creator:
- Kannan, Geetha, Moldovan, Krisztina, Xiao, Jian-Chun, Yolken, Robert H., Jones-Brando, Lorraine, and Pletnikov, Mikhail V.
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Toxoplasma, behaviour, and strain dependency
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Toxoplasma gondii reportedly manipulates rodent behaviour to increase transmission to its definitive feline host. We compared the effects of mouse infection by two Type II strains of T. gondii, Prugniaud (PRU) and ME49, on attraction to cat odour, locomotor activity, anxiety, sensorimotor gating, and spatial working and recognition memory 2 months post-infection (mpi). Attraction to cat odour was reassessed 7 mpi. At 2 mpi, mice infected with either strain exhibited significantly more attraction to cat odour than uninfected animals did, but only PRU-infected mice exhibited this behaviour 7 mpi. PRU-infected mice had significantly greater body weights and hyperactivity, while ME49-infected mice exhibited impaired spatial working memory. No differences in parasite antibody titres were seen between PRU- and ME49-infected mice. The present data suggest the effect of T. gondii infection on mouse behaviour is parasite strain-dependent.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
33574. Toxoplasma gondii-altered host behaviour: clues as to mechanism of action
- Creator:
- Webster, Joanne P. and McConkey, Glenn A.
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Toxoplasma gondii, rodents, behaviour, schizophrenia, mechanisms, and dopamine
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- A convincing body of evidence now exists, from both human and animal studies, and encompassing epidemiological to experimental, to indicate that the common protozoan Toxoplasma gondii can cause specific behavioural changes in its host. Such behavioural alterations are likely to be the product of strong selective pressures for the parasite to enhance transmission from its intermediate host reservoir, primarily rodent, to its feline definitive host, wherein sexual reproduction can occur and the parasite's life cycle completed. Here we consider what the available data to date may reveal about the potential mechanisms involved, the future research that needs to be performed, and the subsequent implications for animal and human health.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
33575. Toxoplasmosis as a cause for behaviour disorders - overview of evidence and mechanisms
- Creator:
- Fekadu, Abebaw, Shibre, Teshome, and Cleare, Anthony J.
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- toxoplasmosis, Toxoplasma gondii, behavioural disorder, personality changes, schizophrenia, mood disorders, and review
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Background - There is growing interest in the role of microbial agents in the causation of psychiatric disorders. The neurotropic protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii is one of the main candidates and has been associated with various psychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia. Methods - A narrative review of the literature from the main medical databases (Medline, PubMed, PsycINFO), Google Scholar and Google using combinations of applicable terms. Results - T. gondii affects the brain in both the acute and the latent stages of infection causing apparent brain pathologies in infected rodents and both immuno-compromised and immuno-competent humans. In immuno-competent individuals, behavioural disorders are primarily related to the latent stages of the illness. Behavioural/mental disorders that include schizophrenia, mood disorders, personality changes and cognitive impairments may be related to infection with T. gondii. Evidence for a behavioural effect of T. gondii comes from observational reports in animal models and controlled behavioural analysis in humans. Indirect clues of infection also come from raised seroprevalence or serotitres of antitoxoplasma antibodies among those with mental disorders. The pathophysiologic mechanism through which T. gondii may exert its effect is not clear, but direct impact on the brain and changes in neuroimmunomodulation, neurotransmission and some gene-environment interactions are postulated. Conclusion - There is evidence supporting a potential role of T. gondii infection in the onset of some behavioural disorders. Confirmation of such a role would prove a significant breakthrough in the search for the aetiology, treatment and prevention of behavioural disorders, such as schizophrenia. However, the associations remain preliminary.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
33576. Toyen a Mnemosyne
- Creator:
- Bydžovská, Lenka
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Tři obrazy z pozdního období Toyen - V určitou chvíli (1963), Tajný pokoj bez zámku (1966) a Na zámku Silling (1969) - se vyznačují nápadným společným rysem: do každého z nich je vlepena černobílá reprodukce barokního nebo antického sochařského díla s mytologickým námětem. Článek zkoumá postupy, jimiž si Toyen přisvojovala příklady ze starého umění, zabývá se jejím výběrem mytických ženských hrdinek a zamýšlí se nad významem znázornění sochy v malbě. Nejradikálněji zacházela Toyen se zvolenou předlohou v obraze V určitou chvíli, neboť přerušila původní mytologický příběh, obsažený v Berniniho sousoší Apollon a Dafne, osamostatnila přízrak zděšeně prchající ženy a přetočila svůj výstřižek o devadesát stupňů. Navázala na podněty, na které upozornil Salvador Dalí v koláži Fenomén extáze (1933), do níž zapojil snímek "hysterické sochy" z Gaudího architektury. V následujících dvou obrazech Toyen ponechala reprodukovaná díla v původní podobě a pouze je zasadila do souvislostí spjatých s vlastními naléhavými tématy, ať šlo o představu erotizace světa v případě sousoší Amora a Psyche z vykopávek v Ostii (viz Tajný pokoj bez zámku), nebo o těsné sepětí ženy s nebezpečnými přírodními silami, jak je znázornil mélský reliéf Peleus a Thetis (viz Na zámku Silling). Otázka, jakou funkci mají převzaté motivy v obrazivosti Toyen a proč se rozhodla zpřítomnit je prostřednictvím černobílých reprodukcí soch z minulých staletí, odkazuje k Warburgovým formulím patosu. Předstupeň k pracím Toyen lze spatřovat v jeho výkladu, že užití grisaillové techniky pro ztvárnění antických námětů v renesanční malbě mělo udržet antiku v psychické, metaforické a typologické distanci. Zároveň však Warburga zaujal utopický rozměr grisaille, přenášející silné prvotní vášně do arkadického duševního prostoru. Zdá se, že podobné cíle, ovšem za použití moderní techniky koláže, sledovala intuitivně i Toyen. and Three paintings from Toyen's late period - At a Given Moment (1963), A Secret Room without a Lock (1966) and At Silling Castle (1969) - stand out due to a conspicuous trait they share: pasted into each is a black-and-white reproduction of a Baroque or ancient statue with a mythological motif. This article explores the methods Toyen used to appropriate instances from the art of old; it deals with her selection of mythical female figures and contemplates the significance of depicting sculpture in paintings. Toyen was most radical with the original she selected for the painting At a Given Moment, in which she intervened in the primordial mythological story embodied in Bernini's Apollo and Daphne, appropriating the spectre of the fleeing woman and rotating the cut-out ninety degrees. She was thus alluding to subjects which Salvador Dalí had drawn attention to in The Phenomenon of Ecstasy (1933), a collage in which he included a photograph of a 'hysterical or ecstatic statue'. In the other two paintings, Toyen left the reproduced image in its original form and simply inserted it into a set of relationships intertwined with her own pressing themes, whether that meant her desire to eroticize the world in case of Amor and Psyche, excavated at Ostia (see A Secret Room without a Lock), or the tightly interwoven relationship between woman and dangerous natural forces, as portrayed in the Melian relief of Peleus and Thetis (see At Silling Castle). The question regarding the function of the borrowed motifs in Toyen's imaginary world and why she decided to bring them into the present using black-and-white reproductions of sculptures from bygone centuries recalls Warburg's Pathosformen (pathos formulas). Certain precedents relating to Toyen's approach may be seen in the interpretation that the use of the grisaille technique to shape the antique subjects in Renaissance painting was meant to maintain antiquity at a typological distance. At the same time, however, Warburg was captivated by the Utopian dimension of grisaille. It seems that Toyen had similar aims, although she pursued them intuitively, using modern collage techniques.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
33577. Trable britských veverek
- Creator:
- Reif, Jiří
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Language:
- Czech
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
33578. Traces of chlorophyll a and the spectral forms of protochlorophyll(ide) a in etiolated cucumber cotyledons
- Creator:
- Durchan, M., Pakshina, E. V., and Lebedev, N. N.
- Format:
- Type:
- model:internalpart and TEXT
- Language:
- Multiple languages
- Description:
- A trace amount of chlorophyll (Chl) a was found in addition to protochlorophyllide (PChlide) a and protochlorophylls (PChls) a in acetone extracts of etiolated cucumber cotyledons by HPLC. There was, however, no chlorophyllide (Chlide) a, which was present in extracts from illuminated cotyledons. After 10 min exposure of cotyledons to light, all PChlide a was photoreduced to Chlide a. Hence, the whole pool of PChlide seems to be photoactive. The "photoinactive" spectral form PChl(ide) F633 was identified as a mixture of monovinyl-PChls a esterified by different alcohols.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
33579. Tracheální žábry potápníků
- Creator:
- Nedvěd, Oldřich
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Language:
- Czech
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
33580. Tractatus de co[n]ceptione marie virginis editus a fratre petro aureoli ordinis minoru[m]
- Creator:
- Aureoli, Petrus and Schöffer, Peter
- Publisher:
- Schöffer, Peter
- Format:
- print and [40] ff ; 4°
- Type:
- model:monograph and TEXT
- Language:
- Latin
- Description:
- A Petro Aureoli., 2. přívazek k : Interrogatorium seu Confessionale / Bartolomaeus de Chaimis, and ISTC ia01394000
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public