The active magnetic bearing control through analytically designed linear PD regulator, with parallel nonlinear compensation represented by automatic approximator is described in this contribution. Coefficient (parameter) values come from actions of Continuous Action Reinforcement Learning Automata (CARLAs). Modified algorithm for automata implementation is used which continuously updates learning parameters according to former learning process. The goal of this on-line training is formulated as achievement of minimum mean square of control error. Described concept of control is proved by simulation study. It is shown that the significant improvement of whole system behavior can be achieved. and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The goldfish (Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch.) were exposed to cadmium in the concentration of 20 mg Cd/1 water under aquarium conditions for 1, 4, 7 and 15 days. After exposure to cadmium, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were significantly decreased. At the same time, the liver ascorbic acid (AsA) content was increased.
The carboxylating activity and content of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBPCO, EC 4.1.1.39), and other soluble proteins in young seedlings and mature leaves of Lutescens-758, a drought-sensitive cultivar of soft spring wheat Triticum aestivum L., were studied under the conditions of drought and subsequent rehydration. Seedlings and mature plants preliminarily treated with the cytokinin-like compound kartolin-4 were compared to untreated plants. Drought-induced decrease in RuBPCO activity should be attributed not only to proteolytic decomposition of the enzyme protein itself but also to a partial inhibition of its catalytic activity. The decrease in RuBPCO activity was larger than that in RuBPCO content. Water stress induced a marked decrease in the soluble protein content. Kartolin-4 increased the resistance to drought. and I. I. Chernyad'ev, O. F. Monakhova.
The activity of antioxidant enzymes, copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and catalase (CAT), as well as that of the mitochondrial FAD-dependent a-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (a-GPD) in the rat interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) were studied after the treatment with methimazole (MMI) for three weeks or with iopanoic acid (IOP) for five days. Besides, the mitochondrial concentration of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) and the activity of catecholamine degrading enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the IBAT as well as the activity of the catecholamine synthesizing enzyme, dopamine b-hydroxylase (DBH) in rat serum were examined. Judging by the significantly enhanced level of serum DBH, which is an index of sympathetic activity, and that of IBAT MAO, the increase in MnSOD and CAT activities in the IBAT of hypothyroid (MMI-treated) rats seems to be due to elevated activity of sympathetic nervous system (SNS). However, CuZnSOD activity is not affected by SNS. On the contrary, IOP, which is a potent inhibitor of T4 deiodination into T3 producing "local" hypothyroidism, did not change either SNS activity or activities of IBAT antioxidant enzyme. However, both treatments significantly decreased IBAT UCP-1 content and a-GPD activity suggesting that the optimal T3 concentration in the IBAT is necessary for maintaining basal levels of these key mitochondrial parameters., N. Petrović, G. Cvijić V. Davidović., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The altitudinal effects on photosynthesis were measured on progenies of three populations of Rosa platyacantha Schrenk from altitudes of 1,170 (L); 1,580 (M); and 1,920 (H) m a. s. l. During the day, net photosynthetic rate (PN) decreased in all populations due to the high air temperature in the summer. The H population showed a significantly lower PN at noon compared to other populations. The midday depression of PN occurred in L and M populations due to stomatal limitations, while PN inhibition was associated with PSII activity decline in the H population. In order to avoid photodamage, the plants of H population triggered active antioxidant defenses with a higher enzyme activity and redox ratio of ascorbate at midday compared to the L and M populations. However, more oxidative injury still occurred in the H plants at noon due to higher lipid peroxidation. Our results indicated that the provenance significantly affected photosynthesis in R. platyacantha from northwestern China., S. H. Yang, J. J. Wei, H. Ge., and Obsahuje bibliografii
An investigation of the relationship between the earliest Czech plainchant of the Jistebnický Kancionál (ca. 1420/1430) and the Czech plainchant of the following century shows that the latter is not always a direct adaption of Latin models. A comparison of the texts and music shows that some of the chants most likely depend on the earlier Czech plainchant, but updated, with the texts edited for grammatical or theological clarity, or with syllables added to the melismata. It is thus reasonable to speak of a continuous tradition of Czech plainchant from the 15th through the 16th centuries. Furthermore, watermarks and paleography can often date the later sources to several decades earlier than previously thought.
Photoinhibition is a significant constraint for improvement of radiation-use efficiency and yield potential in cereal crops. In this work, attached fully expanded leaves of seedlings were used to assay the factors determining photoinhibition and for evaluation of tolerance to photoinhibition in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Our results showed that even 1 h under PPFD of 600 µmol(photon) m-2 s-1 could significantly reduce maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and performance index (PI) compared to low light [300 µmol(photon) m-2 s-1]. The decrease of Fv/Fm and PI was more noticeable with the increase of light intensity; irradiance higher than 800 µmol(photon) m-2 s-1 resulted in photoinhibition. Compared to 25°C, lower (20°C) or higher temperature (≥ 35°C) aggravated photoinhibition, while slightly high temperature (28°) alleviated photoinhibition. At 25°C, irradiance of 1,000 µmol(photon) m-2 s-1 for 1 h was enough to cause photoinhibition and a significant decrease of Fv/Fm, PI, trapped energy flux, electron transport flux, and density of reaction center as well as increase of dissipated energy flux per cross section were observed. In addition, seedlings at 21-32 days after planting showed a relatively stable phenotype, while the younger or older seedlings indicated an increased susceptibility to photoinhibition, especially in senescing leaves. Finally, six wheat varieties with relative tolerance to photoinhibition were identified from 22 Chinese winter wheat varieties by exposing attached leaves of the 25-d old seedlings for 1 h to 1,000 µmol(photon) m-2 s-1 at 25°C. Therefore, our work established a possible method for development of new wheat varieties with enhanced tolerance to photoinhibition., H. Li, Q. Zheng, J. Zhang, B. Li, Z. Li., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The antenna sizes of QB-reducing photosystem 2 (PS2) complexes in two different fractions of the subchloroplast particles were compared by measuring time corresponding to the second maximum of the first derivative from induction curve of chlorophyll fluorescence as a function of actinic irradiance. The QB-reducing PS2 complexes in the fraction of particles that originated from inner parts of grana thylakoids had smaller antennae than those in the fraction from non-appressed regions of thylakoid membranes.
The article aims to bring about a deeper understanding of the strong emphasis placed on the anti-authoritarian dimension of radical left politics by the Movement of Revolutionary Youth (HRM), a group made up mostly of students that was active in 1968–1969 in Czechoslovakia and was harshly repressed by the normalisation regime. This emphasis is expressed not only in their demands for cultural freedoms but also through a critical dialogue with the history of revolutionary Marxism and a rethinking of the past and the future of the socialist movement in which the most important divide is seen as being between authoritarianism and libertarianism or, in another formulation, centralism and self-government. Taking into account the prevalent image of Trotskyism, this anti-authoritarian emphasis might be considered surprising. Therefore, we discuss three possible explanations for it: (1) a generational reflection of the state socialist dictatorship and the experience of the student movement; (2) the internal dynamics of the development of Trotskyist and post-Trotskyist ideas; (3) the more general development imprinted in the so-called “global 1968” and “the long 1970s.” The combination of all these three contexts opened up space for various analytical insights and political accentuations that made it possible for the group to transcend both Western Trotskyism and the Czechoslovak “socialism with a human face.”
This study examined differences in the floor-plan preferences of architects and laypersons with no architectural education or experience (non-architects). Qualitative data on floor-plan preferences were collected using interviews and an online survey. The floor plans used in the online survey were differentiated primarily by spatial arrangements and included the original layout of a socialist prefab apartment and two contemporary redesigns of the space. The results showed significant differences in the floor-plan preferences of architects and non-architects. Topological properties of layout and a required level of privacy were identified as key factors influencing the between-group differences. Architects and non-architects disagreed in particular over how the public and private zones were defined and arranged in the apartment layouts. From the perspective of architectural practice, understanding non-architects’ preferences can decrease the uncertainty in new product development for an unknown end user and increase residential satisfaction.