In the philosophy of Jean-Paul Sartre, three works stand out for their compass: Being and Nothingness (L’être et le néant, 1941), Critique of Dialectical Reason (Critique de la raison dialectique, 1960) and The Idiot of the Family (L’Idiot de la famille, 1971). While the subtitle of the first work states that it is an “essay on phenomenological ontology,” the second work aims to study the “theory of practical wholes,” and the last work presents the method of existential psychoanalysis in practice. Due to their distinct focuses, these volumes can be presented as three entities independent from one another, differing not only in terms of their topics and terminologies, but also in their methodological procedures. The aim of the article, however, is to show that in spite of the different perspectives from which Sartre views human existence in the individual texts, there still remains a certain continuity between the discussed works. This continuity lies in Sartre’s effort to restore an authentic relationship between consciousness and the world. Sartre in fact never repudiated his initial concept of consciousness as intentionality, however much he later came to regard it as being inadequate. As a result of pressure from historical events and also the influence of Simone de Beauvoir, he shifted from the concept of “consciousness in the situation” to “consciousness in society and in history.” Across the range of his philosophy, he is primarily concerned with restoring the spontaneity of consciousness and prioritizing it over inauthentic attitudes. and Ve filosofii Jeana-Paula Sartra svým rozsahem vynikají tři publikace: Bytí a nicota (L‘Être et le Néant, 1941), Kritika dialektického rozumu (Critique de la raison dialectique, 1960) a Rodinný idiot (L’Idiot de la famille, 1971). Zatímco podtitul prvního díla sděluje, že se jedná o „esej o fenomenologické ontologii“, druhé dílo si klade za cíl studovat „teorie praktických celků“ a poslední práce uvádí v praxi metodu existenciální psychoanalýzy. Tyto svazky se tak vzhledem ke svému odlišnému zaměření mohou prezentovat jako tři na sobě nezávislé celky, lišící se nejenom tématem a terminologií, ale i metodologickým postupem. Cílem článku je však ukázat, že navzdory odlišným perspektivám, ze kterých Sartre v jednotlivých textech pohlíží na lidskou existenci, jistá souvislost mezi uvedenými díly přece jen existuje. Tato souvislost spočívá v Sartrově snaze o obnovení autentického vztahu mezi vědomím a světem. Sartre totiž nikdy nepopřel svůj prvotní koncept vědomí jako intencionality, jakkoli ho postupem času začal považovat za nedostačující. Pod tlakem historických událostí a také pod vlivem Simone de Beauvoir se proto přesunul z konceptu „vědomí v situaci“ k „vědomí ve společnosti a v dějinách“. Napříč jeho filosofií mu jde především o navrácení spontaneity vědomí a její upřednostnění před neautentickými postoji.
Činorodý zemědělec, který se denně pohybuje na poli a v lese, přesně ví, jaké druhy kamení se válejí v okolí jeho domku. Zkušenost generací mu napověděla, z čeho je vhodné stavět zídku, z čeho základ domu, jaká hlína byla dobrá na vymazání trámů na povalu nebo kachlů v kamnech a z čeho se pálily cihly a vápno. V lomu za vsí, odkud pochází kámen na podezdívku a který byl zatopen vodou po průvalu, se jako dítě koupal. Současné městské prostředí, které koncentruje stále větší počet obyvatel, takovou přímou zkušenost se skalami, kameny a půdou odepřelo již několikáté generaci lidí, která vnímá umělé prostředí s dominanntním asfaltem a betonem. Ojediněle použitý přírodní dekorační kámen ve formě plastiky či obkladu na zdi je už dovezený, nemá svůj přirozený tvar a postrádá kontinuitu svého geologického okolí in situ, tedy na místě svého vzniku. and Veronika Štědrá.
The aim of this study is to define the possible effects of vegetable oils used as vitamin E vehicle on the electrical activity of the rat heart. To test the possible effects of vitamin E vehicles we studied the effect of i.p. injected corn oil, hazelnut oil or peanut oil on the action potential parameters recorded in both papillary and left atrial muscle strips. Four experimental groups were used. The control group was injected (i.p.) with distilled water, while the three remaining groups received injections of corn oil, hazelnut oil, or peanut oil for five weeks (in a dose of 0.4 ml/kg/day - minimum amount of oil in which vitamin E could be dissolved). We used borosilicated (15-20 MΩ) capillary electrodes and intracellular action potentials (AP) were recorded in isolated papillary and left atrium muscle strips. While administration of three different types of vegetable oil had no significant effect on AP parameters of papillary muscle, they significantly prolonged the repolarization phase of AP in atrial strips. These results show that vegetable oils used as vitamin E vehicles may alter the electrical activity of the heart in a tissue-dependent manner. The present data indicate that the possible effect of vegetable oil vehicles should be kept in mind while evaluating the possible effects of in vivo vitamin E administration., S. Ozdemir, M. Ayaz, T. Tuncer, M. Ugur, B. Turan., and Obsahuje bibliografii
In a field experiment Coffea arabica L. was subjected to various moisture and fertilizer regimes in Simao, Yunan, SW China. The experimental treatments consisted of eight factorial combinations of two fertilization levels (high and low) and four watering treatments applied in the dry season: application of dry rice straw mulch, drip irrigation, mulching plus drip irrigation on the soil surface, and control (no mulching or irrigation). The growth of the coffee plants was monitored throughout the course of a full year. Two clear growth peaks were detected (one at the beginning and one in the middle of the wet season) in plants subjected to all treatments, and the growth rhythm of coffee plants was not regulated by extrinsic abiotic factors. High fertilization resulted in a significantly higher relative growth rates for both height and length of the branches during the growth peaks than the low fertilization treatment. In the dry season, increasing the soil moisture contents by irrigation and/or mulching enhanced the plants' gas exchange, but the soil water status had no significant effects on the internal fluorescence parameters of photosystem 2. More fertilized plants had a greater ability to acclimate to high-irradiance environments than the lightly fertilized plants, showing significant lower diurnal photoinhibition, associated with higher energy utilization through photochemistry and energy dissipation through the xanthophyll cycle. Hence the wet season is the optimum period for photosynthetic carbon fixation and vegetative growth of coffee plants. Higher than routinely applied levels of fertilization are required to optimize the coffee plants' photosynthetic acclimation and growth in the studied environment. Both soil moisture conserving practices tested, mulching and drip irrigation, had significant effects on the growth and photosynthesis of the coffee plants, but the former was more practical than the latter. and C.-T. Cai ... [et al.].
The present research was conducted to assess physiological responses of ‘Malas-e-Saveh’ (Malas) and ‘Shishe-Kab’ (Shishe) pomegranates to water of different salt content and electrical conductivity (1.05, 4.61, and 7.46 dS m-1). Both cultivars showed a reduced trunk length due to salinity. Relative water content and stomatal conductivity of both cultivars were significantly reduced under salt stress, but ion leakage increased. In both cultivars, total chlorophyll (Chl) and carbohydrates decreased with rise in salinity, while proline accumulation increased. With salinity increment, the Chl fluorescence parameters (maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII and effective quantum yield of PSII) declined significantly in both cultivars, with higher reduction observed in Shishe. Generally, more Na+ accumulated in shoots and more Cl- was observed in leaves. Cl- accumulation increased by salinity in leaves of Malas, but it was reduced in Shishe. The K+/Na+ ratio in leaves decreased in both cultivars by salinity increment. Malas was less affected by osmotic effects of NaCl, but it accumulated more Cl- in its leaves. Thus, Malas might be more affected by negative effects of salinity., M. Khayyat, A. Tehranifar, G. H. Davarynejad, M. H. Sayyari-Zahan., and Obsahuje bibliografii