We tested whether the known cytochrome c oxidase (COX) inhibition by nitric oxide (NO) could be quantified by VO 2 kinetics during constant load supra-Anaero bic Threshold (AT) exercises in healthy trained or untrained subjects following aerobic training or nitrate administration. In cycle er gometer constant load exercises supra-AT, identified in previous incremental tests, VO 2 kinetics describe a double exponential curve, one rapid and one appreciably slower, allowing the area between them to be calculate in O 2 l. After training, with increased NO availability, this area decreases in inverse ratio to treatment efficacy. In fact, in 11 healthy subjects after aerobic tr aining for 6-7 weeks, area was decreased on average by 51 %. In 11 untrained subjects, following the assumption of an NO donor, 20 mg isosorbide 5 mononitrate, area was decrea sed on average by 53 %. In conclusion, supra-AT VO 2 kinetics in constant load exercises permit the quantification of the inhibitory effect NO-dependent on COX after either physical training or nitrate assumption., D. Maione ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
We recorded and analysed the songs of ten male icterine warblers (Hippolais icterina) in České Budějovice (Czech Republic) to identify mimicry. Imitations represented 76.2 % of the total time of all songs and we detected 42 mimicked species. Barn swallow (Hirundo rustica), blackbird (Turdus merula), common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) and fieldfare (Turdus pilaris) were the most common species imitated. Principal components analysis (PCA) detected individual variability in the species mimicked. The length of recording needed to detect 95 % of species mimicked was assessed to be 8.2 minutes.
From June to August in 2004 and 2005, we conducted the studies on spontaneous vocalization development of greater horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, in Zhi’an Village (Jilin province, Northeast China). In contrast to adult bats, infant bats of the greater horseshoe bat emitted calls characterized by multiharmonics and variable harmonic patterns. With the physical growth of infants, the dominant frequency, pulse duration and frequency of each harmonic of spontaneous calls increased, the number of harmonics decreased from 5–8 to 1–2 and dominant harmonic switched from first to the second with peak frequency increasing. Vocalizations of infant bats of the greater horseshoe bat could be categorized to those serving as precursors of echolocation sounds and those serving as isolation calls used to attract their mothers. According to observation on mother-infant reunion, the female adult bats only suckled their own babies, but not other pups in the same colony. And the mother recognized their own infants through both odor and vocal cues indicating that the isolation calls emitted by infant bats played an important role in mother-infant communication.
Vocalizations of the plaintive cuckoo (Cacomantis merulinus) and brush cuckoo (C. variolosus) were compared. Six major sound types were identified in the plaintive cuckoo, and four in the brush cuckoo. On the basis of song similarity as assessed by sonogram qualitatively and quantitatively, the grey-bellied cuckoo (C. passerinus) was considered conspecific with C. merulinus and the rusty-breasted cuckoo C. sepulcralis was considered conspecific with C. variolosus. The song similarities between C. merulinus and C. variolosus were considered homologous and derived from common ancestry.
The paper reported vocalizations of endemic Tibetan Plateau steppe sparrow, red- necked snow finch (Pyrgilauda ruficollis) by using SAS-Lab Pro. The subject similarity contrast and multivariate contrast were used to study the complexity and stability of sounds. The results indicated that songs of P. ruficollis were highly complicated with varied song types, song phrases, song syllable and combination of them. One song syllable shared by snow finches (Montifringilla nivalis henrici, M. adamsi, P. ruficollis and P. blanfordi) was selected as indicator to compare the taxonomic relationship among them. The similarity contrast and cluster analysis through SPSS were conducted to construct the similarity tree based on this shared syllable’s acoustic parameters including the highest frequency (HF), the lowest frequency (LF), the main frequency (MPF) and duration (DUR). The results revealed that the syllable similarities are accordant with taxonomic status suggested in previous studies based on morphologic, ecological and molecular analysis methods. The syllable shared by these snow finches were presumed to be homologous and derived from a common ancestry. Further studies on songs encoding phylogenetic signal of snow finches are needed.
To, že naši předkové zařadili vodu mezi jeden ze živlů, určitě nebyl omyl. Voda je jistě mocnou silou spoluutvářející geologickou tvář naší planety. Hýbe národy, pokud jí není dost, nebo se stává geopolitikou, pokud si vědci dovolí předpovědět růst hladiny oceánů. Přes všechnu kreativitu a představivost lidského ducha je právě voda tou neodmyslitelnou podmínkou samotné existence jakékoli formy života. Má však ještě jeden, téměř až poetický rozměr - šálí nás svou zdánlivou obyčejností. Při pohledu na zamrzlé jezero nás ani nenapadne, že je něco špatně, že "normální kapalina" při přechodu do pevné fáze svou hustotu zvýší a neútěšně klesá ke dnu. Anomálie vody se nám staly normálními a normálním se nám stalo, že je pořád neumíme uspokojivě vysvětlit. To se nám však nedávno podařilo alespoň částečně napravit., Certainly it was not a mistake, that our ancestors included water among one of the classical elements. Water is a powerful force, forming the geological face of out planet. It changes nations if there is a shortage on it, or enters geopolitics when scientists dare to predict the rise in ocean levels. Despite all the creativity and imagination of the human spirit, water is the one condition needed for the existence of any form of life. Moreover, it has another poetic dimension, where it deceives us with its apparent ordinariness. Looking at a frozen lake, it doesn‘t even occur to us that there is something wrong that when a "normal liquid" is transitioning into the solid phase its density rises, and therefore falls relenlessly to the bottom. Water anomalies have become normal to us, and in fact we still cannot explain them sufficiently. However, we have recently managed to, at least partially, correct this., Michal Duška., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy