Human society needs still more intensive exploitation of all kinds of
transportation facilities. This need has already lasted for several decades and will be much more imperative in future. Mobility is one of the basic requirements for survival, besides the energy and food resources, health care and security. The requirements on transportation systems concern not only the quantitative and qualitative aspects of transportation activities, but still more also the aspects of their reliability and safety. This concerns not only the transported subjects or goods but also the environment.
The losses caused by failures of transportation activities reach even now a very high level and if not limited by systematic research and preventive activity, they will reach quite a tremendous level soon.
However, practically all the conternporary transportation vehicles, trains, ships and planes and also all the transportation systems need, for their proper operation, the interaction with human beings, which drive them, controls them or uses them and maintains them.
In spite of the fact that significant progress was made in recent years as concerns the transportation systems automation, the fully automatic transportation systam in use is still foreseen in the considerably far future.
Analyzing the reliability and safety of transportation, one finds that the activity of a human being is the weakest point. The technical reliability of almost all transportation tools has improved quite a lot in the past years; however, the human subject interacting with them has not changed too much, as for his/her reliability and safety of the respective necessary interaction.
Therefore there is a vital necessity to improve it and the possibilities how to implement it will stay more and more in the focus of our interest.
In this paper an overview of the related problems is made, the challenges for further research and development in this area are discussed and the outline of a vision, with respect to human interaction reliability, of optimized transportation systems is presented.
An efficient training and pruning method based on the HY filtering algorithm is proposed for feedforward neural networks (FNN). A FNN's weight importance measure linking up prediction error sensitivity obtained from the HY filtering training, and then a weight salience based pruning algorithm is derived. Moreover, based on the monotonicity property of the HY filtering Riccati equation and the initial value of the error covariance matrix, performance of the HY filtering training algorithm will also be investigated. The simulation results show that our approach is an effective training and pruning method for neural networks.
Interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) activity is controlled by sympathetic nervous system, and factors that influence thermogenesis appear to be centrally connected to the sympathetic outflow to IBAT. Cold exposure produces a rise in BAT temperature, which is associated with an increased thyroid activity, elevated serum levels of 3,5,3’-triiodothyronine (T3), and an increased rate of T3 production. This study evaluated the effect of swimming training on 5’-triiodothyronine deiodinase (5’-D) activity in IBAT under normal environmental conditions and after short (30 min) cold exposure (TST stimulation test). 5’-D activity is lower in trained rats at basal condition, and TST increases 5’-D in IBAT of both untrained and trained rats. However, this increase is lower in trained rats. Training reduces the deiodinating activity in normal environmental conditions as well as after short cold exposure. Probably, other compensatory mechanisms of heat production are active in trained rodents.
We tested whether the known cytochrome c oxidase (COX) inhibition by nitric oxide (NO) could be quantified by VO 2 kinetics during constant load supra-Anaero bic Threshold (AT) exercises in healthy trained or untrained subjects following aerobic training or nitrate administration. In cycle er gometer constant load exercises supra-AT, identified in previous incremental tests, VO 2 kinetics describe a double exponential curve, one rapid and one appreciably slower, allowing the area between them to be calculate in O 2 l. After training, with increased NO availability, this area decreases in inverse ratio to treatment efficacy. In fact, in 11 healthy subjects after aerobic tr aining for 6-7 weeks, area was decreased on average by 51 %. In 11 untrained subjects, following the assumption of an NO donor, 20 mg isosorbide 5 mononitrate, area was decrea sed on average by 53 %. In conclusion, supra-AT VO 2 kinetics in constant load exercises permit the quantification of the inhibitory effect NO-dependent on COX after either physical training or nitrate assumption., D. Maione ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy