V uvedenom článkom sa autor zamýšľa nad aktuálnym problémom legislatívy Slovenskej republiky, ktorý sa vyskytuje v oblasti poskytovania zdravotnej starostlivosti. Konkrétne ide o zákonné nastavenie modelu fungovania inštitútu lekárskej služby prvej pomoci, ktoré analyzuje z pohľadu ústavnej konformity. Najskôr sa zameriava na ustanovenie § 79 ods. 1 písm. v) zákona č. 578/2004 Z .z. o poskytovateľoch zdravotnej starostlivosti, zdravotníckych pracovníkoch, stavovských organizáciách v zdravotníctve a o zmene a doplnení niektorých zákonov. Týmto predpisom sa zakotvila povinnosť pre niektorých poskytovateľov zdravotnej starostlivosti (v špecializačnom odbore všeobecné lekárstvo, v špecializačnom odbore pediatria a poskytovateľov, ktorí poskytujú špecializovanú zubno-lekársku ambulantnú starostlivosť) vykonávať lekársku službu prvej pomoci podľa rozpisu určeného samosprávnym krajom v prospech poskytovateľa lekárskej služby prvej pomoci. Predovšetkým autor uvažuje nad otázkou, či je ústavne vyhovujúce, ak zákon núti jedného podnikateľa vykonávať službu pre iného podnikateľa, pričom mu neposkytne primerané prostriedky na kompenzáciu zásahov do jeho základných práv. Následne upriamuje svoju pozornosť na judikatúrou Ústavných súdov vytvorený prostriedok kontroly ústavnosti právnych predpisov – test proporcionality. Postupne, skrz všetky časti tohto testu (podmienka vhodnosti, podmienka potrebnosti a posudzovanie závažnosti) podrobuje predmetné ustanovenie detailnému skúmaniu. Zisteniami, ku ktorým sa dostáva zohľadnením faktických poznatkov objavujúcich sa v praxi, dospieva k záveru o nemožnosti akceptovania súčasnej právnej úpravy. Neudržateľnosť legislatívneho status quo vidí najmä v nemožnosti uprednostnenia jednej ústavne chránenej hodnoty, ktorá popiera iné základné právo, bez možnosti jeho vyváženia inými prostriedkami v týchto vzťahoch. and In the published article, the author contemplates a current issue of the Slovak republic legislation, which can be found in the area of provision of health care. Particularly, this concerns a legal setup of a functioning model of the medical first aid concept, which he analyzes from the perspective of compliance with the Constitution. At first, he focuses on the provision of Section 79(1)(v) of the Act no. 578/2004 of the Collection of Laws on Healthcare Providers, Health Workers, Healthcare Professional Associations and on Amendment and Supplement to Certain Acts. This regulation laid down an obligation for certain health care providers (in the special field of general medicine, pediatrics and the providers, who provide special outpatient dental care) to perform medical first aid care according to a roster defined by a self-governing region in favor of the medical first aid provider. First and foremost, the author deals with an issue, whether it is in compliance with Constitution, if law forces one entrepreneur to provide service for another entrepreneur and at the same time it does not provide him with reasonable means to compensate for intrusions in his basic rights. Following that he focuses his attention on a measure to supervise constitutionality of legislation created by judicial decisions of Constitutional Courts – i.e. the proportionality test. He gradually subjects the said provision to a detailed analysis and takes it through all parts of this test (condition of suitability, condition of necessity and assessment of importance). By considering factual pieces of knowledge from practice he arrives at a conclusion that the current legislation cannot be accepted. He sees the indefensibility of the current legislative status quo in its impossibility to prefer one constitutionally protected value, which contradicts other basic right, without possibility of its balancing within these relations by other means.
Clandestine flash flood in southern Moravia from 9 June 1970 (to commemorate the 40th anniversary of natural disaster which claimed 35 human lives). The article is devoted to a today already forgotten flash flood, which was considered extreme from multiple viewpoints. It happened 40 years ago, on 9 June 1970, in the Kyjov region in southern Moravia on several small watercourses in the basin of rivers Kyjovka and Trkmanka (left-bank tributaries of the Dyje/Thaya R.). The event was exceptional no only by the amount of fallen precipitation and by the discharge responses on the streams but also by the extent of domage caused by storm waters. Nevertheless, the flood had more attributes, which point out its extreme character. By the number of 35 victims it ranks among the most tragic (not only local) floods that occurred in the territory of the Czech Republic in the 20th century. Moreover, this natural catastrophe happened in the period of culminating Communist "normalization", which mirrored in a considerable effort of government authorities to restrict the information about its disastrous impact.
Infertility affects approximately 48 million couples globally. Despite the enormous progress of the methods of reproductive medicine that has been made since the first test-tube baby was born in 1978, the implantation rate of day-3 embryos is only around 15-20 % and 30 % of day-5 embryos. Numerous strategies aim to improve implantation rates and prevent repeated implantation failure. However, there is no specific general recommendation leading to satisfying results. One of the many risk factors relevant in this regard is the uterine immunological make-up, mainly the uterine Natural Killer (uNK) cells. They orchestrate the overall immune response during implantation by influencing trophoblast invasion and vascular remodeling and throughout pregnancy, uNK cells are also the main immune cells at the maternal–fetal interface. Previously, uNK count has been correlated with various fertility issues including idiopathic recurrent miscarriage. The present study used endometrial samples collected from 256 patients with recurrent implantation failure (RIF), habitual abortion (HA) and idiopathic sterility. Samples were collected between day 19 and 21 of the menstrual cycle mainly by Pipelle endometrial sampling. The samples were fixed in formalin for 24 hours and further processed for immunohistochemistry using anti-CD56 to visualize this antigen marker of uNK cells. Immunohistochemical counting was performed to assess the low, normal, or elevated count of uNK cells. According to the one-way ANOVA test, the age of our patients did not have any influence on the count of uNK cells. With Spearman correlation analysis, we found statistically significant correlation (p-value 0.05) of -0.133 between prior miscarriage and lower uNK cell count. Using the same analysis we found statistically significant correlation (correlation 0.233 with p-value 0.01) between number of uNK cells and activation status. Patients with higher uNK cells were more frequenty diagnosed with endometriosis (p-value 0.05, correlation 0.130). Patients with an immunological factor of sterility (defined by a clinical immunologist) had a lower chance of gravidity (-0.203 with p-value 0.01). Based on our results, we can confirm that there is a correlation between RIF, HA, idiopathic sterility, endometriosis, and immunological factor of sterility (uNK cell count). The true predictive value with regard to fertility outcomes needs to be addressed in future research.
How can European social housing institutions contribute to combating housing deprivation in the context of the post-2009 crisis? The paper examines the main issues and constraints in the Greek case by first questioning the extent of the immediate relevance of major established social housing models in western Europe vis-a-vis housing assistance for the needy and second by highlighting the exceptional conditions in the European South that make for very limited social housing sectors and a predominant bias in favour of widespread owner-occupation across all social classes. Both features are especially pronounced in Greece, where, in fact, social rented housing has never emerged as a viable model. Nevertheless, social housing assistance for renters based on fair allowances should be the main priority under the present crisis conditions, while ‘bricks-and-mortar’ social rented housing can only have a marginal role.
This paper summarizes work done in this laboratory over the last two years on the cloning of microsporidian rRNA by homology PCR and its subsequent use in diagnostic tests and phylogenetic studies. Using highly conserved primers in the 16S or small subunit rRNA (SSU-rRNA) these genes were cloned from human intestinal biopsies with transmission electron microscopy proven Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Septata intestinalis. The SSU-rRNA genes were then used to design and test several primer pairs for the diagnosis of microsporidian infection. Utilizing the polymerase chain reaction and primers V1 and EB45Ü Ent. bieneusi infected duodenal aspirates or intestinal biopsies could be detected. Using V I and SI500 infection with S. intestinalis could be detected. In addition to diagnostic tests, phylogenetic relationships were examined using sequence data from the fragment amplified by PCR by primer 530f in the SSU-rRNA and primer 580r in the large subunit rRNA. This data supported the placement of S. intestinalis in the family Encephalitozoonidae. In addition, it confirmed that Encephalitozoon cuniculi, E. hellem and S. intestinalis are distinct organisms. These techniques have broad applications to the study of other microsporidia and the development of a molecular phylogeny.