On August 21, 1968, the Soviet and its Warsaw Pact allies invaded the Czechoslovak Republic, after negotiations failed, to prevent Alexander Dubcek´s Prague Spring reforms from continuing. The Soviets mustered thousands of troops from most Warsaw pact countries. The invasion was successful in stopping democratization reforms and strengthening the authority of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. and Jitka Vondrová.
Secularism and state policies toward religion represent one of the most important issues in Turkey aver since the establishment of the republic in 1923. This contribution briefly summarizes the interpretation of secularism a la turca under the Kemalist leadership and highlights the significant changes that have happened in this area under the AKP government of Prime Minister Recep Tayip Endogan after 2002. The AKP's attempts to introduce Islam-based morality into public space waswelcomed by various religious communities while diminished pressure from the state authorities allowed religiously oriented Turkish movements to act more freely. With the AKP's consolidation of power, the Hizmet movement of Fethullah Gülen finally forged a closer alliance with Ergodan's government and so became an important source of political and economic support both in Turkey and abroad. THe article also shows that the "moderate" secularism as experienced under the current government relaxed the pressure on vocational schools for imams and preachers and transformed the understanding of the state Sunni-Muslim "Church" organization (Diyanet) in the eyes of former hard-line Islamists. Secular circles, however, reject these developments and new trends as signs of continuous Islamization., Gabriel Pirický., and Obsahuje bibliografii
There was a close relationship between the patron of Czech science and the arts and the founder and first president of Czech Academy of Science and the Arts, Josef Hlávka, and one of the most famous Czech composers, Antonín Dvořák. and Tereza Kibicová.
The "Occupy Gezi" protest movement which swept through Istambul and many other Turkish cities in the summer of 2013 started as an ecological protest to save one of the last green areas of Istanbul. After a brutal police crackdown on protesters and the Prime Minister's unbending stance, the protests spread to the rest of the country in support of the young people who were rebelling against the AKP's increasingly authoritarian style of rule and against the gradual Islamization of Turkish politics and society. This article focuses on the creativity of protesters who, through their use of social media such as Twitter, showed that revolutions need not be about throuwing stones and Molotov coctails, but can instead be about playing with words and undermining the ruling elite's insulting remarks with sarcasm and wit. This postmodern revolution took place in a public space which resembled an art scene where singers artists, students and others joined to create a carneval of civic disobedience based on passive resistence, solidarity and humor., Gabriela Özel Volfová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Liberalization of political and ideological barriers after the fall of Communistic regime in Czechoslovakia in 1989 has led to intensification of research of period 1918-1948. Although it presents relatively short historical period, it involved some milestones like first Czechoslovak Republic, after-Munich fall of democratic parliamentary, the Second World War and transformation after the war, that altogether resulted in start of Communistic regime in February 1948. and Jaroslav Šebek.
The article traces the role and image of the wood and the tree in the culture of Ancient China as emerging from the transmitted literature of the Warring States period. Although this topic has already been touched upon in some previous studies, such as Mark Elvin's The Retreat of the Elephants, no comprehensive description based on at least nearly exhaustive systematization of respective data available to us in primary sources has been presented yet, especially for trees. In this paper, virtually all recorded modes of approaching the phenomena by the learned men of the Warring States are summarized and supplied with extensive reference to ancient texts. Apart from other issues, it clearly demonstrates that the skeptical stance to ancient Chinese love for nature and to the ecological ethos of traditional Chinese culture is highly justified., Lukáš Zádrapa., and Obsahuje bibliografii