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Start Over Rights http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ Subject ekologie

2. Helminth parasites of the lesser great cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis from two nesting regions in the Czech Republic

Creator:
František Moravec and Tomáš Scholz
Format:
print, počítač, and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
kormoránovití, parazitičtí červi, morfologie (biologie), ekologie, Phalacrocoracidae, helminth parasites, morphology (biology), ecology, Evropa střední, Europe, Central, fish-eating birds, helminth fauna, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
Parasitological examinations of 102 specimens of the lesser great cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis (Blumenbach) from two nesting regions in the Czech Republic (South Bohemia and South Moravia) were carried out at the Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences (previously the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences) in the years 1987-1992. In them, a total of 19 species of helminth parasites was found, including Trematoda (11 species), Cestoda (2), Nematoda (4) and Acanthocephala (2), which can be divided into three main groups regarding their host specificity: parasites specific for cormorants (Phalacrocorax spp.) (37%), those parasitic mainly in cormorants (16%) and non-specific parasites (47%). Of the 19 species recorded, 100% were found in South Moravia, but only 47% of these 19 species in South Bohemia. The higher number of helminth species in cormorants from South Moravia and a higher proportion of non-specific species may be associated with the presence of the large Nové Mlýny water reservoir, in addition to better ecological and environmental conditions in this warmer region. Scanning electron microscopical examination of three common nematode species parasitising cormorants, Contracaecum rudolphii Hartwich, 1964, Desmidocercella incognita Solonitsin, 1932 and Syncuaria squamata (von Linstow, 1883), revealed some taxonomically important, previously unreported morphological features, such as the cephalic structures, numbers and distribution of male caudal papillae or the shapes of spicules., František Moravec, Tomáš Scholz., and Obsahuje bibliografii
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3. Isolation and characterisation of the first microsatellite markers for the European stag beetle, Lucanus cervus (Coleoptera: Lucanidae)

Creator:
McKeown, Niall J, Harvey, Deborah J, Healey, Amy J. E, Skujina, Ilze, Cox, Karen, Gange, Alan C, and Shaw, Paul W
Format:
print, počítač, and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
brouci, roháčovití, genetika, biodiverzita, ekologie, saproxylické organismy, beetles, Lucanidae, genetics, biodiversity, ecology, saproxylic organisms, Coleoptera, simple sequence repeats, conservation, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
The European stag beetle, Lucanus cervus, is recognised as a flagship species for biodiversity conservation. Although the species is widely distributed across Europe declines have led to it being granted protected or endangered status in a number of countries and regarded as "near threatened" by the IUCN. The integration of genetic approaches into conservation efforts is urgently needed but has been impeded to date by the lack of appropriate genetic markers. To provide such a resource the development of the first microsatellite loci for stag beetle is described. Loci were identified using two methods (i) enriched library cloning (ELC) and (ii) Restriction enzyme Associated DNA sequencing (RAD-Seq). Inefficient microsatellite detection using the ELC method suggests that RAD-Seq, or other Next Generation Sequencing based methods, may ultimately be more cost effective for obtaining informative suites of markers for this and other coleopteran species. 18 loci were characterised by genotyping 42 UK specimens collected as prey leftover/roadkill. All loci produced unambiguous genotypes and were polymorphic. Though preliminary, estimates of genetic variability suggest UK populations may be genetically depauperate. The microsatellite loci represent a suite of genetic markers that can be applied to non-invasive population monitoring and numerous other areas of Lucanus conservation and evolutionary research., Niall J. McKeown, Deborah J. Harvey, Amy J. E. Healey, Ilze Skujina, Karen Cox, Alan C. Gange, Paul W. Shaw., and Obsahuje bibliografii
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4. K alternativám v medicíně neboli k odlišnosti, jinakosti a různorodosti v léčení

Creator:
Křížová, Eva
Format:
braille, electronic resource, remote, and elektronický zdroj
Type:
model:article, article, Text, statistics, and TEXT
Subject:
biomedicínské technologie, sociologie, lékařství, ekologie, dlouhověkost, civilizace, ekonomika a organizace zdravotní péče, farmaceutický průmysl, komplementární terapie, tradiční lékařství, psychosomatické lékařství, veřejné zdravotnictví, and lidé
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
Alternativa je ve zdravé společnosti všudypřítomná a je zárukou diverzity, jež je obdobně jako v ekosystémech zárukou rozvoje a trvalé udržitelnos ti celku. Teprve modernizace zplodila masovou kulturu a masovou medicínu. Zatímco v mnoha společenských oblastech došlo od konce 60. let minulého století k legitimizaci alter nativních přístupů (umění, hudba, ekologie, zemědělství, energetika, pedagogika, peněžnictví), v medicíně je diskuze o alternativách odlišná a tendence k monopolizaci vědecké biomedicíny jako jediné správné medicíny extrémní. To je vysvětleno civilizačním procesem medicinalizace živ ota a existencí nesmírně složitého a sofistikovaného medicínsko-průmyslového komplexu, k terý obtížně dešifrovatelným způsobem propojuje rozmanité zájmy a potřeby lékařského škol ství, klinické praxe na jedné straně, masmedií a producentů léků, léčiv a zdravotnických technologií a pomůcek na straně druhé. Diskuze o alternativě v medicíně přesto probíhá a s ílí. Psychosomatický přístup je jednou z mnoha rozumných alternativ, nikoliv však jedinou. Dilema nestojí mezi medicínou, jež ignoruje mysl člověka a tou, jež jí přikládá někdy až příliš velký význam tváří v tvář genetickým faktorům či zátěži životního prostředí. Dalšími výz namnými alternativami je sociálně ekologický model zdraví a zdravotnictví, spočívajíc í na zdravých životních podmínkách a vztazích či komplexní alternativní léčebné systémy, jež jdou svým kosmologickým a spirituálním pojetím nad rámec psychosomatického. Psychické prož ívání je jen jednou z mnoha opomíjených determinant zdraví a jakákoli absolutizace či zjedn odušování vztahů mezi myslí a tělesnou úrovní by mohla být kontraproduktivní. Bylo by chyb né se domnívat, že zázračné řešení se nalézá v psychosomatice a že volba je buď- anebo. T rvale udržitelná medicína musí být pluralitní a integrativní, a jako taková bude bez d iskriminace, devalvování a nadřazování využívat všechny rozumné způsoby pomoci nemocným a to z důvodů etických, ekologických i ekonomických., Plurality is the fundament of healthy societies and diversity can be viewed as a symptom of growth and sustainability similarly to ecosystems. Only the modern civilization resulted in mass culture and mass medicine which is incorporated in a complex health care system. While in many areas of society a discourse on alternative so lutions became increasingly legitimate since the late 60s of the last century (alternative art, music, ecology, agriculture, energy, education, finance), the discussion on alternative solutions i n medicine and health care is much less visible and the overall monopolization of health care by th e scientific biomedicine prevails. This is explained by medicalization of life and by the impa ct of a highly complex and sophisticated medico- industrial complex, which merges the intere sts and needs of medicine (medical education, clinical practice and research) on one h and, with the interests of drug and technology producers, on the other. Though, the discussion on alternative approaches to health and disease exists and grows further. Psychosomatic approach is one of reasonable alternatives, but not the only one. The dilemma is not between medicine that ignores the human mind and that which integrates mind and body. Other possible approaches to health and disease are represented by e.g. social ecological model of health and health c are, which is based on healthy living conditions, fair opportunities and relationships or alternative healing systems which go beyond the psychosomatic perspective. Psychological domain is one of many neglected determinants of health. Psychosomatic medicine and psychosomatic ap proach per se cannot save the biomedicine. Sustainable medicine must be pluralist ic, integrative and not-discriminating in using all reasonable means to help the sick. There are sound ethical, environmental and economic proofs in the background., Křížová E., and Literatura
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5. Konference Global Ecological Integrity Group (GEIG) na téma podpory ekologické integrity v kontextu veřejného zdravotnictví, Praha, 9.–16. července 2011

Creator:
Soskolne, Colin L. and Bencko, Vladimír
Format:
braille, text, and regular print
Type:
model:article, article, Text, and TEXT
Subject:
kongresy jako téma, lidé, veřejné zdravotnictví, and ekologie
Language:
Czech
Description:
Colin L. Soskolne, Vladimír Bencko
Rights:
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7. Permakultura Integra aneb Martin Luther a GM plodiny

Creator:
Opatrný, Zdeněk
Format:
118-125, print, text, and regular print
Type:
model:article, article, Text, biography, historické články, and TEXT
Subject:
rostliny geneticky modifikované--fyziologie--genetika, ekologie, and zemědělství--metody--trendy
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
Článek Permakultura? Mojmíra Vlašína z p rvního čísla časopisu Anthropologia integra nabízí čtenářům lákavou představu eko- logicky šetrné technologie pěstování kulturních plodin, nevyžadující aplikace pesticidů či minerálních hnojiv, energeticky minimálně náročné a p řitom poskytující více potravin než třeba obilné pole. Z p ohledu současné vědy o r ostlinách je ovšem možnost realizace takto efektivních permakultur pro dostatečnou výživu rostoucí lidské populace čirou mystifikací. Text polemiky nejen dokládá nereálnost tvrzení zmíněného článku, ale také nabízí jinou, vědecky podloženou alternativu moderního, vysoce produktivního a p řitom ekologicky šetrného zemědělství, vy- cházejícího z v yužití nejrůznějších typů geneticky modifikovaných (GM) plodin. Její přínos a d e facto budoucí nezbytnost pro světový boj proti hladu a c hudobě ilustruje s p omocí „ammanovských tezí“, shrnujících závěry nedávných jednání jednak vatikánské Pontifikální Akademie, jednak předních německých vědeckých společností., The contribution of Mojmír Vlašín entitled Permaculture? and published in the first issue of Anthropologia Integra offered to its readers attractive view on the ecologically friendly technology of the crop production, supposed to supply growing human population with the sufficient food amount. As postulated, in permaculture praxis no mineral fertilization, no pesticide application would be necessary to produce more edible biomass then conventional cereal field is able to provide. Unfortunately, from the point of view of recent plant biology the realization of similar world permaculture appears to be pure mystification. The only modern alternative to make existing conventional agrotechnologies both more effective and also ecologically friendly represents the application of various GM crops. The “Amman’s Thesis” based on the conclusions and recommendations of some recent European high reputation meetings (Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Leopol- dina, German Academy of Sciences) illustrates unique asset of the GM technologies in solution of the world hunger, malnutrition and human poverty problems., Zdeněk Opatrný, and Literatura
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8. Seasonal occurrence and microhabitat specificity of Paradiplozoon ichthyoxanthon Avenant-Oldewage in Avenant-Oldewage et al., 2014 (Monogenea: Diplozoidae) infecting Labeobarbus aeneus (Burchell) (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from the Vaal Dam, South Africa: water quality and host size as determining factors?

Creator:
Gilbert, Beric M and Avenant-Oldewage, Annemariè
Format:
print, počítač, and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
ekologie, epidemiologie, ecology, epidemiology, Afrika jižní, Africa, Southern, ectoparasite, seasonality, smallmouth yellowfish, gill arch, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
This is the first study detailing the microhabitat specificity of the monogenean parasite, Paradiplozoon ichthyoxanthon Avenant-Oldewage in Avenant-Oldewage et al., 2014. Samples of the monogenean were collected from the gills of the smallmouth yellowfish Labeobarbus aeneus (Burchell) from the Vaal Dam, South Africa, over four seasons with the use of gill nets. Host condition factor fluctuated between the different seasons, with the highest values recorded in summer. Adults and diporpas of P. ichthyoxanthon were found in all four seasons. Adult parasites predominantly infect the first gill arch, whereas diporpas were found on the second and fourth arches. In utero eggs were also found throughout the sampling seasons and their number negatively correlated with the condition factor of the host. The occurrence of adults and diporpas of P. ichthyoxanthon correlated with the size of the host but not the condition factor. Water quality of the study site also had little correlational relationship with the occurrence of the parasites and fluctuations were related to season. The main factor that may drive the microhabitat specificity of P. ichthyoxanthon is the flow of water over the surfaces of the gills and chances of the parasites becoming dislodged. Size of the attachment organs has also been shown to play a role in this specificity, because smaller attachment structures favour stronger holdfast to areas where flow might be stronger compared to larger attachment structures., Beric M. Gilbert, Annemariè Avenant-Oldewage., and Obsahuje bibliografii
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9. Structure of parasite communities in urban environments: the case of helminths in synanthropic rodents

Creator:
Hancke, Diego and Suárez, Olga Virginia
Format:
print, počítač, and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
urbanizace, ekologie, zoonózy, urbanization, ecology, zoonoses, parasites, infracommunity, component community, compound community, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
Identifying patterns with sufficient predictive power is a constant challenge for ecologists to address ecological problems related to species conservation, pollution or infectious disease control. During the last years, the amounts of parasitological studies in this sense increased, but they are still scarce in urban environments. The main aim of this study was to investigate if the helminth communities of urban rodents are structured within host assembly (compound community) or they are a result of random events occurring at each individual host scale (infracommunity). A total of 203 rodents belonging to four species, Rattus rattus (Linnaeus), Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout), Mus musculus Linnaeus and the native Oligoryzomys flavescens (Waterhouse) and captured in different landscape units of the City of Buenos Aires (industrial-residential neighbourhoods, shantytowns and parklands) were analysed. The results showed that infracommunities could be grouped according to composition and relative abundances and that they respond to the structure of the host community. Thus, the component communities defined in this study could be identified as subsets of the compound community (rodent assemblage) and infracommunities (each host) as random samples within each one. Quantitative differences among component communities were denoted by comparing the infection levels of helminths described as central species. Therefore, infracommunities of R. norvegicus and O. flavescens were the most predictable because of the high abundance of the nematodes Heterakis spumosa Schneider, 1866 and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Travassos, 1914), and Stilestrongylus flavescens (Sutton et Durette-Desset, 1991), respectively. Several mechanisms contribute to complexity of the structure of parasite communities, where specific parasites, definitive and intermediate hosts, and environmental and anthropogenic factors all play a role in the dynamics of the compound community., Diego Hancke, Olga Virginia Suárez., and Obsahuje bibliografii
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10. Zdraví je celek. Opravdu

Creator:
Vácha, Marek Orko
Format:
electronic, electronic resource, and remote
Type:
model:article, article, Text, biography, and TEXT
Subject:
lidé, epigenomika, epigeneze genetická, ekologie, biologická evoluce, mikrobiota, symbióza, zdraví, and příroda
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
S rozvojem molekulární a evoluční biologie si víc a víc uvědomujeme komplikovanost sítí vztahů mezi jednotlivými organismy v biosféře. Každý druh ve své existenci životně závisí na jiných druzích a ty zase na dalších. Někdy je souhra dvou druhů tak těsná, že vyhynutí jednoho druhu znamená zánik obou, někdy dokonce již popisujeme soustavu jako jeden druh. Evoluční vznik každého druhu je silně ovlivněn horizontálními přenosy genů, endosymbiózami etc. Jakýkoli eukaryotický organismus na Zemi, včetně člověka, je složitou stavebnicí genů rozmanitého původu. S nástupem epigenetiky a epigenetické dědičnosti vzniká představa, že prostředí změnu nejen vybírá, nýbrž především vytváří a že tato změna se různými mechanismy může dědit. Člověk tedy není izolován od okolní přírody. Je její součástí v mnohem silnějším smyslu, než jsme si kdy mysleli., The contemporary development of molecular genetics and evolutionary biology and new informations stemming from both these fields learn us, that the complexity of life and global net of relationships in each and every ecosystem is much more complex as previously thought. Every species is in its existence dependent on other species and they still on others. Cooperation between the two species is sometimes so tightly connected, that extinction of one species inevitably leads to the extinction of the other. We even sometimes describe the system as one species altogether. Each and every eucaryotic organism on this planet is a complicated system of genes of different origin, with strong influence of horizontal gene transfer, endosymbiosis etc. The research in the field of epigenetics and epigenetic inheritance lead us to the idea, that the environment not only select the new forms of a species, but that the environemnt first and foremost induces the emergence of new phenotypes and that these changes are or at least sometimes can be inherited. Human being is not isolated from the rest of the nature. We are part of the nature in much stronger sense than we have ever considered., Vácha M. O., and Literatura
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