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474342. The effects of acute hypoxia on tissue oxygenation and circulating alarmins in healthy adults

Creator:
Boos, C. J., Lamb, C. M. , Midwinter, M., Mellor, A., Woods, D. R., Howley, M., Stansfield, T., Foster, M. , and O’Hara, J. P.
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
acute hypoxia, normobaric, alarmins, sRAGE, and exercise
Language:
English
Description:
The binding of high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB-1) to the membrane receptor for advanced glycation end-products (mRAGE) is a key early mediator of non-infectious inflammation and its triggers include ischaemia/hypoxia. The effects of acute hypoxia on soluble RAGE (sRAGE) are unknown. Fourteen healthy adults (50 % women; 26.6±3.8 years) were assessed at baseline normoxia (T0), followed by four time-points (T90, 95, 100 and 180 min) over three hours of continuous normobaric hypoxia (NH, 4,450 m equivalent) and again 60 min after return to normoxia (T240). A 5-min exercise step test was performed during NH at T90. Plasma concentrations of HMGB-1, sRAGE VCAM-1, ICAM-1, VEGF IL-8 and IL-13 were measured using venous blood. Arterial and tissue oxygen saturations were measured using pulse oximetry (SpO2) and near-infrared spectroscopy (StO2), respectively. NH led to a significant reduction in SpO2, StO2, sRAGE and VEGF, which was compounded by exercise, before increasing to baseline values with normoxic restoration (T240). NH-exercise led to a paired increase in HMGB-1. sRAGE inversely correlated with HMGB-1 (r=-0.32; p=0.006), heart rate (r=-0.43; p=0.004) but was not linked to SpO2 or StO2. In conclusion, short-term NH leads to a fall in sRAGE and VEGF concentrations with a transient rise post NH-exercise in HMGB-1.
Rights:
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474344. The effects of financial crises on the binding force of contracts in the Czech Republic

Creator:
Fiala, Josef and Selucká, Markéta
Type:
article, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
financial crises, new Czech Civil Code, and hardship clause
Language:
English
Description:
The authors of this article focused mainly on outlining some of the aspects of the relationship betweenthe financial crisis and contract law in the Czech Republic. Moreover they described some of the mainthe changes in Czech civil law which took place recently. Not only the authors explained the current law, butthey also mentioned the previous regulation. For better understanding, the authors also presented severalprovisions laid down in the new Czech Civil Code, which entered into force on January 1, 2014, regarding thehardship clause in Civil law (“clausula rebus sic stantibus”). Aside from that the authors also paid attentionto the right to compensation for damages under the new Czech Civil Code.
Rights:
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474345. The effects of flooding on survivorship in overwintering larvae of the large copper butterfly Lycaena dispar batavus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), and its possible implications for restoration management

Creator:
Nicholls, Colin N. and Pullin, Andrew S.
Type:
article, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Butterfly, Lycaena dispar batavus, larvae, overwintering, flooding, submergence, restoration, and Broadland
Language:
English
Description:
Previous work suggests that submergence of Lycaena dispar larvae during overwintering may play a significant role in this butterfly's population dynamics. Since potential re-introduction sites in eastern England are prone to regular seasonal flooding, we further studied the species' submergence tolerance with a view to formulating management protocols conducive to larval survivorship under periodic flood conditions. Simulated flooding regimes using captive-reared larvae showed that enforced submergence has a twofold effect: firstly, a direct increase in mortality after 28 days under water and, secondly, a longer term, post-diapause increase in mortality; manifest either as an inability of larvae to resume feeding, or a failure to complete development. Additionally, there was a marked difference in the response of "early" and "late" diapause larvae; the latter generally succumbing after shorter periods under water, and suffering higher total mortalities. Behavioural investigations suggest that, if afforded the opportunity, diapausing larvae can evade submergence by climbing onto the exposed sections of partially flooded host plants. Significantly, survival on partially flooded plants was found to be comparable to that on unflooded controls. Further re-introductions of L. dispar in the U.K. will probably necessitate a direct translocation of wild Dutch stock. As the flood tolerance of this source population remains largely undetermined, and given that re-introduction site hydrology will be generally unamenable to conservation-oriented manipulation, it is recommended that restoration management be directed towards creating structural diversity in the vegetation of overwintering habitats, thereby providing potential "flood refugia" for hibernating larvae.
Rights:
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474346. The effects of larval diet on adult life-history traits of the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)

Creator:
Gobbi, Paola, Martínez-Sánchez, Anabel, and Rojo, Santos
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Diptera, Stratiomyidae, Hermetia illucens, larval diet, wing morphometry, immature stages, ovarian development, hen feed, meat meal, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
Larvae of Hermetia illucens feed on different types of decomposing organic matter and their development depends on the quality and quantity of food ingested. In this study the effect of three artificial diets was analyzed, namely hen feed, meat meal and a mixture of these two diets. The effects of diet on ovarian development, size, mortality, duration of the larval and pupal stages and sex ratio were studied. Results indicate that the meat meal diet was the worst of the three diets in terms of percentage mortality and duration of the larval and pupal stages. We conclude that food ingested by the black soldier fly larvae determines both the physiological and morphological development of the adults., Paola Gobbi, Anabel Martínez-Sánchez, Santos Rojo., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Rights:
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474347. The effects of oviposition site on the development of the wood borer Coraebus florentinus (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

Creator:
Cárdenas, Ana M. and Gallardo, Patricia
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Coraebus florentinus, Jewel beetle, development, oviposition, Quercus, temperature, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
1_Coraebus florentinus (Herbst) is one of the most important wood borer pests of oaks in forest ecosystems in the Mediterranean Region. It is considered to be a heliophilous species as it prefers the sunniest parts of the canopy of isolated trees. The biological significance of this preference is still unknown. Recently, the effect of temperature on the preimaginal development of this insect was established: high temperatures increase its probability of survival and shorten its developmental time. Continuing this line of research, this study was designed to determine whether C. florentinus exhibits selective oviposition behaviour and how variation in temperature due to differences in the position of the branches in which the larvae develop could affect the subsequent development of this species. To determine whether this insect selects the branches in which to lay its eggs, location data (north, south, upper half and lower half of the tops of the trees) for 112 damaged branches were analysed. The results confirm that females of C. florentinus do not lay their eggs at random at the tops of trees but rather choose branches that are exposed to the sun. To determine the effects of larval rearing temperature on the later development stages, an experiment consisting of five treatments was performed., 2_Four of these treatments, each containing 25 infested branches derived from different orientations and positions in a tree (upper half of tree and north facing, upper half and south facing, lower half and north facing and lower half and south facing) were kept in culture chambers maintained at optimal conditions for pupal development (28 ± 2°C and 60–65% relative humidity). The fifth treatment with 25 branches infested collected from the most sun-exposed locations were kept in outdoor conditions. The results indicate that variation in temperature during larval development due to differences in branch location does not significantly affect survival, duration of developmental of pupae, emergence success or sex ratio of the adults., Ana M. Cárdenas, Patricia Gallardo., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Rights:
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474349. The effects of Pleistocene glaciations on the phylogeography of Melitaea cinxia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

Creator:
Wahlberg, Niklas and Saccheri, Ilik
Type:
article, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Phylogeography, Palearctic, cytochrome oxidase I, and Lepidoptera
Language:
English
Description:
Partial (600 bp) sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene were used to infer the phylogeography of Melitaea cinxia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) across the entire distributional range of the species, encompassing north Africa and Eurasia. Cladistic analysis of 49 distinct haplotypes (haplotype and nucleotide diversity were 0.95 and 0.027, respectively) revealed strong phylogeographic structure in M. cinxia, characterised by four major clades: Morocco; Western (Iberia, France, Italy); Central (central and northern Western Europe, Balkans, Greece, Anatolia, Levant); and Eastern (eastern Baltic, Urals, Iran, Siberia, China); separated by average pairwise distances of beween 2 and 6 percent. This pattern is consistent with the location of southern glacial refugia in the Iberian, Italian and Balkan peninsulas, as well as multiple eastern refugia. The Western clade is further structured into south-central Iberian, northern Iberian (and French) and southern Italian sub-clades; and the Eastern clade into Near Eastern and Far Eastern sub-clades; with weaker phylogeographical concordance within the Central clade, except for a large area in central and northern Western Europe which is monomorphic for COI haplotype. The Baltic and eastern Europe have been primarily colonized by the Far Eastern sub-clade, rather than the Central (Balkan) clade, highlighting the importance of including Near and Far Eastern populations in phylogeographic studies of Palearctic species. Maps showing the extent of clades and sub-clades suggest several regions of secondary contact and possible hybridization. Interspecific comparison of representative M. cinxia haplotypes supports a monophyletic origin of all M. cinxia.
Rights:
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474350. The effects of rainfall characteristics and land use and cover change on runoff in the Yellow River basin, China

Creator:
Hu, CaiHong, Ran, Guang, Li, Gang, Yu, Yun, Wu, Qiang, Yan, Denghua, and Jian, Shengqi
Format:
počítač and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
land-use, rainfall characteristics, nonlinear model, M-EIES model, and Yellow river
Language:
Slovak
Description:
The changes of runoff in the middle reaches of the Yellow River basin of China have received considerable attention owing to their sharply decline during recent decades. In this paper, the impacts of rainfall characteristics and land use and cover change on water yields in the Jingle sub-basin of the middle reaches of the Yellow River basin were investigated using a combination of statistical analysis and hydrological simulations. The Levenberg Marquardt and Analysis of Variance methods were used to construct multivariate, nonlinear, model equations between runoff coefficient and rainfall intensity and vegetation coverage. The land use changes from 1971 to 2017 were ascertained using transition matrix analysis. The impact of land use on water yields was estimated using the M-EIES hydrological model. The results show that the runoff during flood season (July to September) decreased significantly after 2000, whereas slightly decreasing trend was detected for precipitation. Furthermore, there were increase in short, intense, rainfall events after 2000 and this rainfall events were more conducive to flood generation. The “Grain for Green” project was carried out in 1999, and the land use in the middle reaches of the Yellow River improved significantly, which make the vegetation coverage (Vc) of the Jingle sub-basin increased by 13%. When Vc approaches 48%, the runoff coefficient decreased to the lowest, and the vegetation conditions have the greatest effect on reducing runoff. Both land use and climate can change the water yield in the basin, but for areas where land use has significantly improved, the impact of land use change on water yield plays a dominant role. The results acquired in this study provide a useful reference for water resources planning and soil and water conservation in the erodible areas of the middle reaches of the Yellow River basin.
Rights:
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