a1_Cíle. Studie se zabývá vztahem mezi morálními a sociálními normami vztahujícími se k nečestnému chování, četností výskytu školního podvádění a způsoby, jimiž žáci toto své chování omlouvají. Soubor. Soubor zahrnoval 438 žáků osmých a devátých tříd ze šesti základních škol v jižních Čechách. Respondenti byli dotazováni, jak často se ve škole chovali způsobem, jenž se dá vnímat jako podvádění, na míru jejich souhlasu s normami vztahujícími se k podvádění stejně jako k čestnému jednání, a na akceptaci různých důvodů omlouvajících školní podvádění. Hypotézy. Byly ověřovány následující hypotézy: 1. teoretické koncepty „morálního vyvázání se“ i „neutralizace“ reflektují obdobný kognitivní proces racionalizace vlastního nečestného jednání; 2. omluvy na kognitivní úrovni pomáhají žákovi zvládat rozpor mezi normativně požadovaným chováním a jeho skutečným chováním. Statistická analýza. K ověření hypotéz byla použita faktorová analýza a strukturní modelování. Výsledky. V případě školního podvádění mají žáci odlišný postoj k opisování a ke klamání., a2_ Z hlediska teorie domén, kdy domény představují oblasti různého uvažování nad situacemi, spadá opisování žáků do konvenční domény, zatímco klamání spíše do morální domény uvažování. Empiricky bylo potvrzeno, že ve vztahu k omlouvání školního podvádění reflektují morální vyvázání se i neutralizace obdobný kognitivní proces, který může být označený jako morální neutralizace. Žáci navíc používali morální neutralizaci ke zvládání případného rozporu mezi tím, jak „by se měli chovat“, a tím, jak „se chovají ve skutečnosti“, jenom ve vztahu ke klamání, tj. morální doméně. Žáci neměli potřebu morálně neutralizovat opisování. Morální normy neovlivňovaly četnost podvádění a klamání přímo, ale jenom nepřímo, přes morální neutralizaci. Schvalování školního podvádění (opisování i klamání) bylo silnějším prediktorem jeho četnosti, než souhlas s morálními normami požadujícími čestné jednání. Shoda navrhovaných modelů s naměřenými daty byla dobrá. Omezení studie. Studie je omezena na věkovou skupinou starších žáků (12–16 let) a typ školy, pro kterou byly dotazníky morální neutralizace i typů podvádění vytvořeny, jakož i ochotou žáků pravdivě vypovídat o svém nečestném chování (self-report)., b1_ Objectives. The study deals with the relationship between moral and social norms related to dishonest behavior, frequency of cheating, and the ways in which pupils make excuses for the scholastic cheating. Subjects and methods. Survey among early adolescents (N = 438) was focused on determining the frequency of scholastic cheating, on the degree of acceptance of the standards relating to cheating, the moral standards requesting honest behavior, and the acceptance of different reasons for the self-justification of scholastic cheating. Hypotheses. The following hypotheses were tested: 1) the theoretical concepts of “moral disengagement” and “neutralization” in relation to justifying scholastic cheating reflect similar cognitive process; 2) justifying on the cognitive level helps students to cope with the discrepancy between the desired normative behavior and their actual behavior. Statistical analyses. Factor analysis and structural modeling were used to verify this hypothesis. Results. It was confirmed that, in terms of scholastic cheating, students have a different attitude towards copying answers and lying., b2_ According to the Moral domain theory (domains represent areas of different thinking about situations) pupil’s copying of answers falls in the conventional domain, while lying belongs to the moral domain. Our study gave empirical evidence about the overlap between moral disengagement and the neutralization techniques linked to scholastic cheating justification. Moreover the structural models confirmed that moral neutralization is a mechanism to help the student manage a discrepancy between how “I should behave” and how “I actually behave” only in relation to laying, i.e. moral domain. The copying of answers is probably not clearly classified by pupils themselves as conduct endangering their positive self-portrait, so they have no reason to selfjustify it. Moral norms influenced the frequency of individual cheating only indirectly through the mediation of neutralization. The approval of cheating was a stronger predictor of cheating frequency than the agreement with moral standards requesting honest behavior. Study limitation. The study is limited to early adolescents (12–16 ages) and the type of school for which the moral neutralization and the scholastic cheating questionnaires were created, and also linmited by self-reported method of data collection., Jana Vrbová., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Studie Jarmily Procházkové se zabývá písněmi hudebního skladatele Leoše Janáčka, které byly inspirovány srbskou kulturní tradicí., This study is concerned with determining the previously unknown textual sources for Janáček’s lost chorus Ženich vnucený (The Enforced Bridegroom) from 1873, the composition of which testifies, as does that of his chorus Osudu neujdeš (You Cannot Escape Your Fate), to the composer’s interest at that time in South Slavic folklore. He took the texts for both pieces from the collection Zpěvy lidu srbského (Songs of the Serbian People) – Vol. I, Prague 1872 – in Czech translations by Siegfried Kapper (1821–1879), in which Kapper presented to the Czech public folk poetry from the collections of Vuk Stefanoviç Karadžiç (1787–1864). Kapper’s edition of the Czech translation was known also by Antonín Dvořák and Josef Suk, who used it in their vocal works composed to translations of Serbian folk texts., Jarmila Procházková., Rubrika: Studie, and Anglické resumé na s. 402, anglický abstrakt 393.
Even those historians of Chinese thought, who are capable of both masterly analyses and great synthetic surveys of pre-modern Chinese philosophy, such an Anne Cheng, author of The history of Chinese thought, mostly remain in the grip of enduring stereotypes about Chinese language and Chinese letters. This is true despite the fact that old Chinese linguistics has progressed in the last 50 years at an unforeseen rate, and practically no experts on that language fail to take these advances seriously. At issue, above all, are the immensely popular analyses of characters, which authors treat as the path to uncovering the etymology of a given concept under research. Emancipation from written characters is, it would seem, a basic precondition for a better understanding of language, including the lexicon of philosophical concepts. This article aims to give a broad acccount of the inadequacy of character-etymology and, in contrast to this method, to describe which direction we should take if we wish to understand the conceptual apparatus of ancient Chinese thinkers., Lukáš Zádrapa., and Obsahuje poznámky a bibliografii
Johannes Tourout is known to us from several Central European music sources and from a Vatican document dated 3 July 1460, which mentions him as a cantor of Emperor Frederick III. The author establishes a timeframe for his period of activity in Central Europe (late 1450s before 1467) and postulates several hypotheses concerning the composers career. The author has reconstructed the personnel of the imperial cantors ensemble around the year 1460 and provides detailed biographies of its members., Pawel Gancarczyk., Rubrika: Studie, and České resumé na s. 257, anglický abstrakt na s. 239.
The article presents two likely and so far unknown compilers of the third edition of Koniáš’s Key from 1770. Their names have been revealed by a handwritten note in a copy that was originally a part of the library of the private collector Josef Bartsch (1731-1803). Concerning the first figure, the Jesuit Josef Kögler, the treatise describes his career in the Jesuit Order and the posts that he held. In the case of his co-worker Jan Kohout, the text outlines the possible connections that might help identify him precisely. and David Mach.
Studie Jarmily Gabrielové se zabývá inspiračními předlohami libreta k opeře "Vanda" hudebního skladatele Antonína Dvořáka a zaměřuje se rovněž na dramaturgickou strukturu díla., The article deals with select adaptations of the Vanda-theme in the 19th century dramatic writing (Zacharias Werner, Tekla Łubieńska, Francyszek Więżyk, and Matija Ban). On the basis of these works, possible models for the libretto of Antonín Dvořák’s Vanda op. 25 are discussed., Jarmila Gabrielová., Rubrika: Studie, and Německé resumé na s. 245, anglický abstrakt na s. 233.
Studie Evy Velické se zabývá okolnostmi vzniku a rané recepci první opery hudebního skladatele Bohuslava Martinů "Voják a tanečnice"., The first opera by Bohuslav Martinů (from the total of 16) named Voják a tanečnice (The Soldier and the Dancer), H.162 was created in the initial years of Martinů’s stay in Paris (1926–1927), when the effort to reflect different contemporary music trends and influences can be traced in his compositions. Voják a tanečnice is an original example of absorbing such influences. Together with the librettist, Jan Löwenbach, they tried to create a “new opera buffa”, which was not understood by the contemporary reviewers. The opera was first performed in Brno in 1928. The frequency of the first performances of Martinů’s stage works in the National Theatre in Brno indicates that the first performance of his first opera was not a coincidence but a part of targeted dramaturgy at the Brno stage., Eva Velická., Rubrika: Studie, and Anglické resumé na s. 167, anglický abstrakt 139.
The article summarises the known information about the life of the politician and significant bibliophile Veit Ulrich Marschall von Ebnet (ca 1565 - ca 1625). Based on the provenance research into Lipník nad Bečvou and Mikulov castle libraries, the National Museum Library and other collections as well as auction catalogues, the paper lists the identified books from his library, describes Marschall’s armorial bindings and other provenance marks, on the basis of which it attempts to characterise the content of this extraordinary library. and Miroslav Koudela, Petr Mašek.
The article draws on the list of separate manuscripts and manuscripts forming part of binders’ volumes coming from the library of the Domažlice Augustinians, a component of the first volume of the Soupis rukopisů Studijní a vědecké knihovny Plzeňského kraje v Plzni [A Compendium of the Manuscripts from the Education and Research Library of the Pilsener Region in Pilsen (Plzeň 2006)]. Since the first and at the same time last description of the library comes from as early as 1950, when the book collection was taken over by the State Education Library in Pilsen, we attempted to study the development of the Augustinian book collection on the basis of indirect sources, such as mainly books of accounts and ownership notes in extant printed books and manuscripts. From the original ca 4,000 volumes, only 272 volumes have been preserved in the Education and Research Library of the Pilsener Region (ERLPR) to this day; two separate manuscripts and 16 manuscripts forming part of binders’ volumes from the 17th-19th centuries have been described in the above-mentioned compendium; two manuscripts that were bound to other manuscripts come from a nearby convent in Pivoň. A noteworthy piece among the literary texts preserved in Prague archives is a manuscript fragment of a Czech play containing a dialogue between two merchants taking place at the Pilsen market, which comes from the second half of the 18th century, or the attempt of the Pivoň Augustinian Bruno Knez to write and even publish the history of his convent from 1753, which may be considered as the first printed monastic monograph from West Bohemia. and Jaromír Linda.