The article describes fundamental and application results obtained in the Department of Quantum Electronics of the Institute of Radio-Engineering and Electronics (IRE) of Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in Prague. The early success in detection of the Doppler effect of radiation reflected from the first satellite orbiting the Earth - Sputnik (1957) was in the Department followed by systematic work in the area of ammonia masers, both 14NH3 and 15NH3 (1963-72). Short information is given on the first graduate courses in quantum electronics (1963-64) organized by the Department. Department's program of laser development and applications is discussed in details. The results of four key research projects are reported in the article, i.e., (a) ruby laser and its application in ophthalmology (including the first laser surgery of retina carried out in our laboratory), (b) carbon dioxide IR lasers, (c) UV-Vis gas lasers (blue He-Cd laser, near-ultraviolet nitrogen laser), and (d) tunable dye lasers. Unfortunately, the politically motivated dissolution of the Department in early seventies ended all the promising programs., Jan Blabla, Viktor Trkal., Obsahuje bibliografii, and V anglickém názvu uvedeno chybně Quatum - správně = Quantum
Studie Roberta Škardy se zabývá tvorbou českých skladatelů, využívajících ve svých kompozicích polystylovost a koláž, stejně jako teoretickými aspekty takového typu děl a jejich reflexí v odborných časopisech., The topic of this study is the music of Czech composers based mainly on the juxtaposition of styles, stylizations of historical or jazz music, and the use of quotations in the years between 1960 and 2000. It deals with reconstruction of the meanings of the period musical terms polystylism and collage, and it maps out the use of these terms in the reception of this music at the time and in the compositional theory and practice of Czech musical culture during that forty-year period. The main sources for the analysis of terms were reviews, articles, and scholarly studies in music journals along with the contemporary statements of the composers themselves at the time and at the present. In that context, the study follows the leading representatives from among composers and critics, derives the meanings of the terms polystylism and collage, and places them in the context of Czech music of that period. As an example of a specific composition reflected upon in the context of polystylism and collage and exhibiting a number of elements typical of this compositional orientation, the study contains an analysis of the composition Útěk (The Flight) written by Arnošt Parsch in 1973., Robert Škarda., Rubrika: Studie, and Anglické resumé na s. 199, anglický abstrakt 169.