Autoři se zaměřili na přírodu jednoho z významných ostrovů Makaronésie - Madeiry.Ostrov je v současnosti zajímavou mozaikou zbytků původní flory (třetihorní lesy tzv. laurisylva) a nejrůznějších užitkových i okrasných rostlin ze subtropů a některých tropů celého světa. První díl dvoudílného seriálu se zabývá přírodními poměry a původní vegetací Madeiry., The authors have focused on the nature of one of the major islands of Macaronesia – Madeira. The island is currently an interesting mosaic of the remnants of the native flora (including tertiary forests called laurisilva) and a variety of useful and ornamental plants from the subtropics, as well as tropics throughout the world. The first part of the series is dealing with the natural conditions and the native vegetation., and Miloslav Kuklík, Václav Zelený.
Městské parky, dřeviny a byliny kolem cest a v zahradách. Za vznikem tohoto historického dědictví stáli britští obchodníci s vínem a cukrem z cukrové třtiny, kteří v 18. a 19. stol. zakládali zahrady kolem svých farem a sídel. Později se izolované zahrady spojily a vznikaly první větší zahradní celky kolem hotelů. Ve 20. stol. se zakládaly parky již přístupné veřejnosti. Vznikaly tematické sbírky tropických rostlin, kaktusů a jiných sukulentů. Parků, zahrad a ostatních zelených ploch je jen v hlavním městě Funchalu přes 450 ha. Téměř každý dům, hotel a restaurace má zahrádku. Jsou zde k vidění i keře a stromy prakticky z celého světa. Většinu z nich lze v našich podmínkách pěstovat pouze ve sklenících. Exotické rostliny byly vysazeny i ve volné krajině. Některé druhy jsou velmi agresivní a nekontrolovaně se šíří po ostrovech., In the 18th and 19th centuries, British merchants set up gardens around their settlements. Later, larger gardens appeared around hotels, and in the 20th century, parks were established, maintaining also collections of tropical plants or succulents. Almost 450 ha of these green spaces in the capital city of Funchal host trees and bushes from all over the world. Exotic species were planted even in open countryside. Some of them are invasive, spreading rapidly across the islands., and Miloslav Kuklík, Václav Zelený.
Plant response to the combination of two or more abiotic stresses is different than its response to the same stresses singly. The response of maize (Zea mays L.) photosynthesis, growth, and development processes were examined under sunlit plant growth chambers at three levels of each day/night temperatures (24/16°C, 30/22°C, and 36/28°C) and UV-B radiation levels (0, 5, and 10 kJ m-2 d-1) and their interaction from 4 d after emergence to 43 d. An increase in plant height, leaf area, node number, and dry mass was observed as temperature increased. However, UV-B radiation negatively affected these processes by reducing the rates of stem elongation, leaf area expansion, and biomass accumulation. UV-B radiation affected leaf photosynthesis mostly at early stage of growth and tended to be temperature-dependent. For instance, UV-B radiation caused 3-15% decrease of photosynthetic rate (PN) on the uppermost, fully expanded leaves at 24/16°C and 36/28°C, but stimulated P N about 5-18% at 30/22°C temperature. Moreover, the observed UV-B protection mechanisms, such as accumulation of phenolics and waxes, exhibited a significant interaction among the treatments where these compounds were relatively less responsive (phenolics) or more responsive (waxes) to UV-B radiation at higher temperature treatments or vice versa. Plants exposed to UV-B radiation produced more leaf waxes except at 24/16°C treatment. The detrimental effect of UV-B radiation was greater on plant growth compared to the photosynthetic processes. Results suggest that maize growth and development, especially stem elongation, is highly sensitive to current and projected UV-B radiation levels, and temperature plays an important role in the magnitude and direction of the UV-B mediated responses., S. K. Singh, K. R. Reddy, V. R. Reddy, W. Gao., and Obsahuje bibliografii
In China, narrow-wide row planting pattern has been advocated for maize (Zea mays L.) production. However, no previous study has clearly elucidated the complexity of factors affecting maize canopy such as the microclimatic factors, and the effect of photosynthesis in narrow-wide row planting pattern. The current study was undertaken to identify the planting patterns that influence microclimatic conditions and photosynthesis of two maize cultivars (Beiyu288 and Xianyu335) grown in three planting patterns: narrow-wide rows of (1) 30 cm + 170 cm (P1, 6.4 plants m-2), and (2)
40 cm + 90 cm (P2, 6.4 plants m-2), and (3) uniform row of 65 cm (CK, conventional row as control, 6.4 plants m-2). Light interception, temperature, relative humidity (RH), CO2 concentration, and leaf photosynthesis within the canopy were measured in each planting treatment at the grain-filling stage. The net photosynthetic rate
(PN), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), stomatal conductance
(gs), transpiration rate (E), and temperature of the narrow-wide row exceeded that of the conventional row. The CO2 concentration and RH of the narrow-wide row were lower than CK by 50 cm strata. The narrow-wide row had a more uniform light intercepted at the whole canopy profile. The results of the current study suggest that
narrow-wide row-planting pattern has a positive effect on canopy microclimate factors and promotes photosynthesis., T. D. Liu, F. B. Song., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Alien phytophagous insects are often introduced along with their host plants, creating opportunities for troublesome invasions. Yet, not all of them are able to successfully colonize novel host plants. In this study, we investigated host selection by the alien leaf miner Phyllonorycter leucographella (Zeller, 1850) on both its original host and novel host plants in the insect's alien range. We predicted that this insect's percentage infestation of the original host would be positively related to its specific leaf area (SLA), because high-SLA leaves are nutritious and have thin cuticles, traits related to high offspring developmental success. We further hypothesized that this host selection process would apply in the selection of novel host plants. Our results show that this leaf miner selects leaves of its original host plant, Pyracantha coccinea, according to their SLA values. The SLA value was also positively related to the probability of P. leucographella infesting and successfully developing on novel host plants. The selection of high-SLA plants by the moth leads to a high developmental success on novel host plants in the first (summer) generation, but it is likely to be maladaptive in the second (overwintering) generation, because in temperate Europe, high SLA values are associated with deciduous plants that shed their leaves in autumn. It is likely that the apparent maladaptive selection of novel host plants by P. leucographella reduces the invasiveness of this pest by preventing its establishment on native plants., Urszula Walczak, Michał Bogdziewicz, Roma Żytkowiak, Piotr Karolewski, Edward Baraniak., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Suchozemští plži patří k nejlépe prozkoumaným skupinám bezobratlých temperátní a boreální zóny. Díky znalostem o ekologii a rozšíření jednotlivých druhů tak představují výbornou modelovou skupinu pro studium rozmanitých témat. Na příkladu plžů byl zkoumán např. fenomén hnízdovitosti společenstev, rozdíly v biologii a rozšíření velkých a drobných druhů s ohledem na míru pasivního šíření, kvartérní vývoj krajiny nebo třeba latitudinální gradient diverzity. Mnohé otázky však stále zůstávají otevřené, např. vlivy predace a mezidruhové konkurence ve společenstvech plžů nebo vazba některých druhů na podmínky obecně považované za nepříznivé, jako jsou velmi chladné oblasti nebo vápníkem chudá stanoviště., Land snails are considered one of the best-explored invertebrates of temperate and boreal zones. With respect to the extensive knowledge about their ecology and distribution, land snails make a great model group for studying various topics. Snails contributed to our knowledge about the nestedness of assemblage composition, differences in biology and distribution of large and small species (regarding their ability for passive dispersal), Quaternary landscape evolution, and the latitudinal diversity gradient. Other topics still remain open, such as the effects of predation and interspecific competition among land-snail assemblages and the association of some species to generally unfavourable conditions (e.g. areas of extremely cold temperatures or calcium-poor sites)., and Michal Horsák, Veronika Horsáková.
Chovu malých jihoamerických cichlid rodů Laetacara a Nannacara se mohou věnovat i akvaristé, kteří své zálibě nemohou vyčlenit ve svém domově příliš velký prostor. Velkoryse pojaté akvaristické zázemí není v tomto případu nezbytné. Tyto rybky se starají o své potomstvo velmi starostlivě, takže lze při rozmnožování pozorovat různé projevy rodičovské péče., South American cichlids of the genera Laetacara and Nannacara can be bred also by aquarists without an elaborate aquarium equipment. These little fish look after their offspring very carefully, so various displays of parent care can be observed., and Jaroslav Eliáš.
Males in many beetles show horn or mandible dimorphism. The stag beetle Dorcus rectus was assumed to have dimorphic males, but in this species there are not two but three visually distinct mandibular phenotypes. The aim of this study is to determine if the three phenotypes represent an allometric trimorphism in this species by studying the scaling relationship between body length and mandible length in 148 adult males and 31 adult females. The relationship was fitted using the following four statistical models; a simple line, a logistic curve, a continuous segmented line and a discontinuous line. The best-fitting model for the males was a discontinuous line with two break points and that for the females a simple line. The male data was also well fitted by a logistic curve. The discontinuous linear model divided the males into three groups that were in good agreement with the three phenotypes. These results suggest that a subtle allometric trimorphism possibly exists in males of this species. Small males of this species have no distinct teeth on their mandibles, whereas small males of D. striatipennis and D. curvidens, which are closely related to D. rectus, have a pair of distinct teeth on their mandibles. The phylogenetic relationship of these Dorcus species suggests that the trimorphism in D. rectus may have arisen through the loss of teeth in small males., Yutaka Iguchi., and Obsahuje seznam literatury