he painted lady butterfly (Vanessa cardui) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae) is well known for its seasonal long-distance migrations and for its dramatic population fluctuations between years. Although parasitism has occasionally been noted as an important mortality factor for this butterfly, no comprehensive study has quantified and compared its parasitoid complexes in different geographical areas or seasons. In 2009, a year when this butterfly was extraordinarily abundant in the western Palaearctic, we assessed the spatial and temporal variation in larval parasitism in central Morocco (late winter and autumn) and north-east Spain (spring and late summer). The primary parasitoids in the complexes comprised a few relatively specialized koinobionts that are a regular and important mortality factor in the host populations. However, there was a strong seasonal variation in the level of parasitism. In Spain percentage parasitism was more than four times higher in late summer than in spring (77.3% vs. 18%), while in Morocco it was five times higher by the end of winter than in the autumn (66.2% vs. 13.2%). In both regions the build up of parasitoid populations occurred after V. cardui had bred in the same general area over successive generations, and this may represent a selective force favouring seasonal migration to enemy-free space., Constanti Stefanescu ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Adults of the invasive harlequin ladybird, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), were found to be parasitized by nematodes (Tylenchomorpha: Allantonematidae) in Denmark. The nematodes were identified as Parasitylenchus sp. Major morphological characters of the nematodes did not differ significantly from Parasitylenchus coccinellinae Iperti & van Waerebeke 1968, but minor deviations in egg dimension and tail length were measured. Parasitism was only recorded in early autumn, with prevalence ranging from 2 to 33%. Adult and juvenile nematodes occurred together in the body cavity of both female and male H. axyridis. and Susanne Harding, George O. Poinar, Desislava V. Dimitrova, Tove Steenberg.
Entomofilní hlístice, tedy hlístice žijící v asociaci s nějakým druhem hmyzu, můžeme jednoduše rozdělit na foretické, entomopatogenní a entomoparazitické. Tzv. foretické druhy využívají hmyz jako vektor, který je přenáší do nového prostředí, a pro své nositele jsou v drtivé většině případů neškodné. Opakem jsou entomopatogenní hlístice, tj. hlístovky, které žijí v symbióze s bakteriemi zodpovědnými za usmrcení hmyzího hostitele (odtud entomopatogenní) a zároveň pak slouží hlísticím jako potrava. Za entomoparazitické druhy považujeme ostatní entomofilní hlístice, které parazitují v těle hmyzu, ale nejsou obligátně vybaveny bakterií patogenní pro hmyz. Nejrůznější zástupce entomoparazitických hlístic můžeme najít v celkem asi 24 čeledích. Obligátně parazitické druhy se vyskytují v čeledích Mermithidae, Tetradonematidae, Syrphonematidae, Carabonematidae, Oxyuridae, Thelastomatidae, Sphaerulariidae, Allantonematidae a Fergusobiidae. Právě těmto poněkud opomíjeným hlísticím se článek věnuje. Zaměřuje se především na ty druhy, které se vyskytují na území České republiky. Kromě základních údajů o jednotlivých skupinách a obecných informací o ekologii hlístic si všímá i jejich praktického významu, tedy skutečnosti, jak ovlivňují populace různého člověku škodlivého hmyzu a jak jich můžeme využít., This group of parasitic nematodes consists of approximately 24 families, although obligate parasites can be found in eight of them. Some of these enigmatic nematodes adopted amazing life strategies and serve as bioagents to control populations of mosquitoes or woodwasps. In this article we review the biology, ecology and distribution of these organisms and depict their current use in biological control., and Jiří Nermuť, Vladimír Půža.
Parazitické hlístice, které využívají měkkýše jako mezihostitele, paratenické nebo definitivní hostitele, tvoří skupinu více než stovky druhů. Další nové druhy jsou neustále popisovány, avšak jejich ekologie zůstává povětšinou zcela neznámá a nepovšimnutá. Pouze několik málo druhů bylo prozkoumáno blíže. Právě o nich a o tom kdy a jak vznikl jejich vztah k měkkýšům, pojednává tento článek., The group of parasitic nematodes that use molluscs as intermediate, paratenic or definitive hosts consists of more than 100 species. Several new species are described every year but their ecology still remains almost uknown. Only a few of these nematodes are well studied. This paper discusses these well-known mollusc-parasitic nematodes and the origin of their relationship with molluscs., and Jiří Nermuť, Vladimír Půža.
The partial consumption of prey refers to when a predator does not consume all the digestible biomass of an animal it has killed. The frequency of partial consumption of prey by the polyphagous predator Macrolophus pygmaeus (Hemiptera: Miridae) was recorded for different species of prey and prey population structures, in single and mixed prey species patches. All the instars of the aphid, Aphis gossypii, were provided as prey alone or together with Myzus persicae or Macrosiphum euphorbiae. Numbers killed were determined when equal (10 nymphs of each instar, 40 in total) or unequal numbers (higher numbers of young nymphs but again 40 in total) of nymphs were placed on an eggplant leaf in a plastic Petri dish. In each dish a single 5th instar nymph of the predator was introduced and the numbers killed and numbers of partially consumed aphids were recorded after 24h, at 25 ± 1°C. The numbers of A. gossypii killed were higher than those of the other species of prey used. The frequency of partially consumed prey was highest when A. gossypii was offered alone in equal numbers of each instar, followed by when A. gossypii was provided together with M. persicae in unequal numbers of instars (23.6% and 11.2%, of the total mortality, respectively). Killed but not consumed prey was also recorded, at frequencies that reached 10.7% of the total mortality when A. gossypii was provided alone in equal numbers of each instar. For M. persicae and M. euphorbiae, these percentages were significantly lower. The higher frequency of this behaviour when A. gossypii was the prey may be related to its lower nutritional quality for the predator. The effect of prey instar was not significant. These results indicate that in determining the numbers killed by a predator, partially consumed prey may make up a significant part of the total kill and thus should be taken into consideration., Dionyssios Lykouressis, Dionyssios Perdikis, Ioannis Mandarakas., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Pásemnička sladkovodní (Prostoma graecence) je málo známý, ale běžný vodní živočich. Žije na kamenech a vodních rostlinách v tekoucích i stojatých vodách, především v nižších polohách. Živí se drobnými planktonními a bentickými organismy. Na hlavě má 6 očních skvrn (mladší jedinci 4). Loví pomocí chobotku (proboscis), který obsahuje centrální trn s jedovou žlázou a po stranách 2 - 5 přídatných trnů. Tento orgán je typický pro pásnice (Nemertea)., The ribbon worm Prostoma graecense (Nemertea) is a little known but common water animal. It occurs on stones and plants in running and standing waters, mostly in the lowlands. It is a carnivore feeding on tiny planktonic and benthic animals. P. graecense has 6 black eyespots (young specimens have four) on the top of its head. The eversible proboscis is armed with one central stylet with a poison gland and paired pouches each containing two to five accessory stylets. The proboscis is a typical apparatus of ribbon worms, used for hunting., Jan Špaček., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Abiotic and biotic factors determine success or failure of individual organisms, populations and species. The early life stages are often the most vulnerable to heavy mortality due to environmental conditions. The deer ked (Lipoptena cervi Linnaeus, 1758) is an invasive insect ectoparasite of cervids that spends an important period of the life cycle outside host as immobile pupa. During winter, dark-coloured pupae drop off the host onto the snow, where they are exposed to environmental temperature variation and predation as long as the new snowfall provides shelter against these mortality factors. The other possible option is to passively sink into the snow, which is aided by morphology of pupae. Here, we experimentally studied passive snow sinking capacity of pupae of L. cervi. We show that pupae have a notable passive snow sinking capacity, which is the most likely explained by pupal morphology enabling solar energy absorption and pupal weight. The present results can be used when planning future studies and when evaluating possible predation risk and overall survival of this invasive ectoparasite species in changing environmental conditions., Sirpa Kaunisto, Hannu Ylönen, Raine Kortet., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Using a large sample of museum and newly collected specimens of the cryptic butterfly species Leptidea sinapis and L. reali, identified/confirmed based on genital characters, the patterns in their geographical distributions, historical changes in range and briefly also their habitat associations in Poland, were investigated. Leptidea sinapis occurs mainly in the lowland and upland parts of the country and is rarer than L. reali, which is widespread throughout Poland, including the mountains. In the first half of the 20th century, the range of L. sinapis included the whole of Poland, whereas currently it is confined to eastern and southern regions. Historical records of the distribution of L. reali are concentrated in southern and central Poland. Currently it is recorded from localities throughout Poland. Leptidea reali is recorded most frequently in meadows and shows no clear preference for a particular level of humidity, while L. sinapis is found mainly in woodland and xerothermic habitats. The two species are syntopic within the present range of L. sinapis, which is now a declining and local species, whereas L. reali is now common and widespread. and Konrad Sachanowicz, Agnieszka Wower, Jaroslaw Buszko.
In this study we analyzed the inter-specific relationships in assemblages of syrphids at a site in northern Italy in order to determine whether there are patterns in diurnal co-occurrence. We adopted a null model approach and calculated two co-occurrence metrics, the C-score and variance ratio (V-ratio), both for the total catch and of the morning (8:00–13:00) and afternoon (13:00–18:00) catches separately, and for males and females. We recorded discordant species richness, abundance and co-occurrence patterns in the samples collected. Higher species richness and abundance were recorded in the morning, when the assemblage had an aggregated structure, which agrees with previous findings on communities of invertebrate primary consumers. A segregated pattern of co-occurrence was recorded in the afternoon, when fewer species and individuals were collected. The pattern recorded is likely to be caused by a number of factors, such as a greater availability of food in the morning, prevalence of hot and dry conditions in the early afternoon, which are unfavourable for hoverflies, and possibly competition with other pollinators. Our results indicate that restricting community studies to a particular time of day will result in certain species and/or species interactions not being recorded., Manuela D´Amen ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury