Toxoplasma gondii (Nicolle et Manceaux, 1908) is an intracellular parasite that can cause ongoing latent infection persisting for the duration of a non-definitive host's life. Affecting approximately one-third of the world's population, latent toxoplasmosis has been associated with neuropsychological outcomes and a previous report suggested an association between latent toxoplasmosis and adult height. Given the large number of people with latent toxoplasmosis and its potential associations with human height, we sought to better understand the association between latent toxoplasmosis and human morphology by evaluating seropositivity for T. gondii and multiple body measures reported in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES III) and in the more recent continuous NHANES data sets from the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for which data on T. gondii are available. In these analyses, latent toxoplasmosis was not associated with any of the body measures assessed in the NHANES datasets even after taking into account interactions between latent toxoplasmosis and testosterone suggesting that in these samples, latent toxoplasmosis is not associated with adult morphology including height., Andrew N. Berrett, Shawn D. Gale, Lance D. Erickson, Bruce L. Brown, Dawson W. Hedges., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Climate change may facilitate shifts in the ranges and the spread of insect pests, but a warming climate may also affect herbivorous insects adversely if it disrupts the locally adapted synchrony between the phenology of insects and that of their host plant. The ability of a pest species to colonize new areas depends on its ability to adjust the timing of phenological events in its life cycle, particularly at high latitudes where there is marked seasonality in temperature and day length. Here we incubated eggs of three species of geometrid moth, Epirrita autumnata, Operophtera brumata and Erannis defoliaria from different geographical populations (E. autumnata and O. brumata from Northern Finland, E. autumnata and E. defoliaria from Southern Finland and all three species from Germany) in a climate chamber at a constant temperature to determine the relative importance of geographic origin in the timing of egg hatch measured in terms of cumulative temperature sums (degree days above 5°C, DD5); i.e. the relative importance of local adaptation versus phenotypic plasticity in the timing of egg hatch. In all three species, eggs from northern populations required a significantly lower temperature sum for hatching than eggs from southern populations, but the differences between them in temperature sum requirements varied considerably among species, with the differences being largest for the earliest hatching and northernmost species, E. autumnata, and smallest for the southern, late-hatching E. defoliaria. In addition, the difference in hatch timing between the E. autumnata eggs from Southern Finland and Germany was many times greater than the difference between the two Finnish populations of E. autumnata, despite the fact that the geographical distances between these populations is similar. We discuss how these differences in hatching time may be explained by the differences in hatch-budburst synchrony and its importance for different moth species and populations. We also briefly reflect on the significance of photoperiod, which is not affected by climate change. It is a controller that works parallel or in addition to temperature sum both for egg hatch in moths and bud burst of their host plants., Julia Fält-Nardmann, Tero Klemola, Mechthild Roth, Kai Ruohomäki, Kari Saikkonen., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Už 4,5 miliónu let nás vyvýšená hlava, vpřímená postava a bipední lokomoce odlišuje od většiny savců. Tento článek zvažuje důvody pro tuto evoluční změnu (např. tlak prostředí), její známé přednosti, ale také rizika. Bipední hominin byl ve srovnání se zvířecími predátory i kořistí pomalejší, jeho chrup jako zbraň či nástroj byl stále méně použitelný a tekutiny musel přenášet. Ale vzpřímení postavy uvolnilo lidskou ruku pro produkci artefaktů - nástrojů. Technologie, která původně umožnila přežití, v průběhu evoluce stimuluje strmý demografický růst a ten zpětně vyžaduje další technologické i organizační inovace. Dnes už by bez nich lidé jako savci střední velikosti s velkou spotřebou a produkcí odpadu nemohli v počtu řádově miliard existovat., For 4.5 million years, our raised head, upright stature and bipedal locomotion have distinguished us from the majority of other mammals. The paper evaluates the reasons for this evolutionary change (such as environmental pressure), its advantages but also risks. Compared to animal predators and prey, the bipedal hominid was slower and his dentition less usable as a tool or weapon. However, the raised stature made the hand free for production of artifacts - tools. Technology, which enabled survival at the beginning, stimulated steep demographic growth during later evolution., and Jiří Svoboda.
Insects produce pigment and structural colours mainly for camouflage, signaling, physical protection or temperature regulation, and colour patterns can provide information about individual quality. Although the evolutionary function and nature of the variability in colouration are well known for many invertebrate taxa, there is little information on this topic for ants. We studied individual variation in the melanin-based colour traits of workers of the red wood ant, Formica rufa (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), from 20 colonies in Southern Finland and revealed the type of colouration in this species. First, using the threshold approach we distinguished between continuous and discrete variations. Furthermore, the analyses affirmed nine discrete morphs in terms of the colouration on the head and eight on the pronotum, while only continuous variation were found on the other body parts. Measuring the size of a particular colour pattern, the intensity of colour expression (degree of melanization) and statistical analyses allowed an assessment of the intra-individual variation in both discrete and continuous patterns. The results revealed substantial modularity in the above mentioned colouration traits. In workers of F. rufa there were individuals with a dark head and light coloured thorax and vice a versa. Size of the dark pigment colour patterns exhibited less modularity than the degree of melanization. Finally, the interrelation between colouration traits and individual body size revealed their size-dependent origin. Small individuals had relatively larger areas of colour on the head and thorax than big individuals. These results are likely to facilitate further taxonomical and ecological studies on red wood ants, as they show it is possible to assess colouration traits in ants. However, more studies are needed on the function of polymorphism and modular colouration in this group of ants., Oksana Skaldina, Jouni Sorvari., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Nález kolonie mravence lužního na dubu na hrázi rybníka Vrkoč posouvá hranici recentního výskytu tohoto druhu o 15 km severozápadním směrem. Podle dosavadních terénních šetření jde o izolovanou kolonii, jejíž původ je nejasný. Obývaná lokalita se přitom velmi liší od preferovaného biotopu v podobě lesních porostů, protože jde o solitérní strom. Solitérní stromy či aleje přitom podle starších výzkumů využívá pouze 7 % kolonií tohoto druhu., A new colony of the ant species Liometopum microcephalum was found on the solitary oak tree growing on the dam of the pond Vrkoč near Pohořelice (southern Moravia). This discovery extends its recent distribution in the Czech Republic about 15 km to the north-west. The new colony is isolated and unusual in respect that only 7 % of south Moravian colonies are living on solitary trees or on trees in alleys., Antonín Krása., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Sklenobýl bezlistý (Epipogium aphyllum) patří mezi nejvzácnější druhy naší flóry. Roste v bučinách a jehličnatých lesích s humózní půdou, často na lesních prameništích. Ještě donedávna byl v Čechách hodnocen jako nezvěstný. V r. 2006 se ale podařilo objevit několik malých lokalit na Šumavském Boubíně, poté v r. 2008 i jedna lokalita v Krkonoších. V červnu r. 2013 v náplavech Jizery a hned u cesty nedaleko Kořenova se podařilo objevit další dvě mikrolokality tohoto ohroženého druhu. Bylo by velmi povzbuzující domnívat se, že nárůst počtu lokalit nejen sklenobýlu, ale i jiných ohrožených druhů indikuje zlepšující se stav prostředí., Epipogium aphyllum is one of the rarest plant species of the Czech flora. It grows in humus-rich soil in beech and spruce forests, often in the vicinity of forest springs. The species has been considered missing in Bohemia until recent discoveries of a few sites in Boubín in the Šumava Mts. (Bohemian Forest, 2006) and in the Krkonoše Mts. (Giant Mts., 2008). Two new populations were found in the Giant Mts. in June 2013 - in alluvial deposits of the Jizera river and along the forest road close to the Kořenov village., and Pavla Čížková, Kamila Lencová, Pavel Hubený.
The tiny land snail V. geyeri is a highly endangered species, exclusively inhabiting alkaline tree-less spring fens. After two unexpected findings in the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands, we explored this region more properly and found another 18 sites, including Nature Reserve Řeka with the richest known European population. V. geyeri is threatened mainly by hydrological changes, eutrophication and cessation of traditional management practices. and Veronika Schenková, Michal Horsák.
Ryegrasses (Lolium sp.) and fescues (Festuca sp.) play a key role in many grass ecosystems, such as meadows and pastures. Moreover, they are widely used for forage production and as amenity grasses. The intergeneric hybrids called Festulolium possess agronomically beneficial characteristics from both parents and could reflect climatic changes in the near future. our article delivers new insights into the generics of these hybrids. and Štěpán Stočes, David Kopecký.