In this paper the strictly attaphilous Central- and South American genus Phoxonotus Marseul, 1862 is revised. Based on the structure of their antennal cavities, the species of Phoxonotus are newly split into two subgenera: Phoxonotus Marseul, 1862 and Alienosternus subgen. n. (type species Saprinus venustus Erichson, 1834). The subgenus Phoxonotus contains three species: Phoxonotus (P.) tuberculatus Marseul, 1862 (French Guyana, Suriname, Brazil: Pará, Mato Grosso), P. (P.) lectus Lewis, 1902 (eastern Peru) and the newly described P. parvotuberculatus sp. n. (Guatemala, Costa Rica). The subgenus Alienosternus subgen. n. contains two species: Phoxonotus (Alienosternus) venustus (Erichson, 1834) (Brazil: Bahia) and P. (Alienosternus) fryi Lewis, 1879 (Brazil: Rio de Janeiro and Bahia). P. tuberculatus Marseul, 1862 is synonymized with P. suturalis Lewis, 1907, syn. n. Lectotype of Phoxonotus fryi Lewis, 1879 is designated. Genitalia of the males for the species for which they are available are illustrated, most type specimens are imaged and scanning electron micrographs of P. tuberculatus provided. Mouthparts and sensory structures of the antennal club of P. tuberculatus are depicted., Tomáš Lackner., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Collections of parasitic nematodes of fishes from some freshwater and brackish-water localities in Honshu, Shikoku and Hokkaido, Japan, carried out in 1996-2009, yielded the following eight species: Hysterothylacium haze (Machida, Takahashi et Masuuchi, 1978) (Anisakidae), Paraquimperia sp., Pingus sinensis Hsü, 1933 (both Quimperiidae), Heliconema anguillae Yamaguti, 1935 (Physalopteridae), Rhabdochona angusticaudata sp. n., Rhabdochona zacconis Yamaguti, 1935 (both Rhabdochonidae), Ascarophis arctica Polyanskiy, 1952 (Cystidicolidae) and Eustrongylides sp. larvae (Dioctophymatidae). The new species, R. angusticaudata sp. n., described from the intestine of the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica Temminck et Schlegel in the Renjoji River, Shikoku, is mainly characterised by the presence of 14-16 anterior prostomal teeth, non-bifurcated deirids with rounded ends, the length of the left spicule (300-384 µm long), the right spicule with a dorsal barb and non-filamented eggs. The species of Paraquimperia Baylis, 1934 and A. arctica are reported from Japan for the first time. Based on light and scanning electron microscopical examinations, some new morphological data on H. haze, H. anguillae, R. zacconis and A. arctica are provided., František Moravec, Kazuya Nagasawa., and Obsahuje bibliografii
a1_Neotropical freshwater stingrays (Batoidea: Potamotrygonidae) host a diversity of parasites, including some, like their hosts, that are marine-derived. Among the parasites of potamotrygonids, the cestode fauna is the most diverse, with multiple genera having been reported, including genera endemic to the freshwaters of the Neotropics and genera that have cosmopolitan distributions. Recent efforts have been made to document the diversity of cestodes of this host-parasite system and to refine the taxonomy of parasite lineages. The present study contributes to our knowledge of Rhinebothrium Linton, 1890, a diverse cosmopolitan genus of rhinebothriidean cestode, with 37 species reported from marine batoids, one species from a freshwater stingray in Borneo and six species from potamotrygonids. Rhinebothrium jaimei sp. n. is described from two species of potamotrygonids, Potamotrygon orbignyi (Castelnau) (type host) and Potamotrygon scobina Garman, from Bahía de Marajó of the lower Amazon region. It can be distinguished from most of its marine congeners via multiple attributes, including its possession of two, rather than one, posteriormost loculi on its bothridia and the lomeniform shape of its bothridium that is wider anteriorly. In addition, R. jaimei sp. n. can be distinguished from the six Rhinebothrium species described previously from potamotrygonids based on a unique combination of morphological features. Despite extensive stingray cestode sampling efforts throughout all major Neotropical river systems, we found that unlike most species of potamotrygonid Rhinebothrium species, which are widespread, R. jaimei sp. n. is restricted to the Bahía de Marajó., a2_The discovery of this new species of Rhinebothrium in Bahía de Marajó, an area in which potamotrygonids occur sympatrically with some species of euryhaline batoids (e.g. Dasyatis spp.) and share some trophic resources, suggest that modern ecological processes may be contributing to the distribution patterns of cestodes infecting potamotrygonids., Fernando P. L. Marques, Florian B. Reyda., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Despite the global distribution of the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) sensu lato (s.l.), limited information exists about their identity from the Arabian Peninsula. Ticks from free roaming urban dogs and dromedary camels in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia were morphologically identified, confirmed with scanning electron microscopy and characterised at mitochondrial DNA (cox1, 12S rDNA and 16S rDNA). A total of 186 ticks were collected from 65 free roaming dogs (n = 73) and 84 dromedary camels (n = 113). Morphologically, 5.9% (11/186) were R. sanguineus s.l. and Hyalomma spp. (93.5%, 174/186). From within R. sanguineus s.l., the presence of Rhipicephalus cf. camicasi Morel, Mouchet et Rodhain, 1976 (1 dog, 2 camels) and Rhipicephalus turanicus Pomerantsev, 1936 (1 camel) is reported. The examined R. cf. camicasi form a sister group to R. sanguineus s.l. tropical lineage at all DNA markers. Dogs were parasitised by Hyalomma dromedarii Koch, 1844 (n = 59), Hyalomma impeltatum Schulze et Schlottke, 1930 (n = 1), Hyalomma excavatum Koch, 1844 (n = 2), Hyalomma turanicum Pomerantsev, 1946 (n = 1) and Hyalomma rufipes Koch,1844 (n = 1). DNA from dog blood (n = 53) from Riyadh confirmed a low prevalence of canine vector-borne pathogens that does not exceed 5.7% for Babesia spp., Mycoplasma spp., Anaplasma platys, Hepatozoon canis and Ehrlichia canis using multiplexed tandem PCR (MT-PCR) and diagnostic PCR. Low prevalence of R. sanguineus s.l. on dogs likely contributed to the low level of canine vector-borne pathogens in Saudi Arabia. We demonstrate that dogs in the central Arabian Peninsula are more commonly parasitised by Hyalomma spp. than R. sanguineus s.l., Shona Chandra, Karen Smith, Abdullah D. Alanazi, Mohamed S. Alyousif, David Emery, Jan Šlapeta., and Obsahuje bibliografii
In the field, supplemental application of N fertilizer to rice (Oryza sativa) shortly before the beginning of heading stage increases leaf N content and enhances photosynthesis during the grain-filling period. In search of varietal differences in leaf gas exchange in response to supplemental N application, we examined 13 rice varieties grown in the field during two successive years. The varieties included japonica and indica varieties, both of which are widely grown in Japan. The response to supplemental N application could not be separated clearly between variety groups; some of the japonica varieties, but none of the indica varieties, exhibited significant increase in stomatal conductance (gs) after supplemental N application. Supplemental N was more effective to increase stomatal aperture in the varieties with inherently lower gs. Varieties that showed greater response of g s to supplemental N application might be able to adjust their stomatal aperture with appropriate N control. Although the internal-to-ambient CO2 mole fraction ratio and the leaf carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) differed among varieties as a result of variations in stomatal aperture and the CO2 requirement of mesophyll, supplemental N application barely influenced these parameters, because it only moderately affected stomatal aperture. Since δ13C tended to increase with increasing number of days from transplantation to heading stage in japonica varieties, δ13C values were more sensitive to differences in growth rate between years than to N application., S. Shimoda, A. Maruyama., and Obsahuje bibliografii
U zrodu Římského klubu v r. 1968 stáli italský průmyslník a futurolog Aurelio Peccei a skotský vědec Alexander King, generální ředitel Organizace pro hospodářskou spolupráci a rozvoj (OECD). Chybělo jim uskupení, které by se hlouběji zabývalo globálními problémy, analyzovalo je a přicházelo s inspirujícími koncepcemi řešení. Proto přizvali významné podnikatele, vědce, politiky a zástupce vojenského sektoru. První schůzka proběhla v Římě za účasti asi 30 lidí, v krátké době se však počet členů rozrostl na 70. V r. 1972 autoři Mezí růstu (Dennis a Donella Meadowsovi, Jorgen Randers, William W. Behrens: Limits toGrowth) - jedné z nejčtenějších a také nejvíce zpochybňovaných až tabuizovaných zpráv o stavu světa, ať už politicky zleva, nebo zprava, psali o konečnosti neomezeného ekonomického rozvoje. Jejich matematické modely simulovaly trendy v pěti proměnných: lidská populace na Zemi, objem průmyslu, znečištění, produkce potravin a čerpání nerostných zdrojů. Dosavadní exponenciální křivky růstu nemohly být podle jejich vývodů udržitelné, protože nárůst technologických inovací, které by problémy kompenzovaly, byl pouze lineární. Do možných tří scénářů ve výhledu zahrnuli zpětné vazby, při jejichž fungování by došlo ke změnám v růstových trendech u některých proměnných. V poznámce uvedli, že jejich projekce hodnot proměnných v každém ze scénářů jsou pouze indikacemi tendencí v chování celku. Dva ze scénářů představovaly překročení mezí a kolaps globálního systému, zatímco třetí scénář vedl ke stabilizovanému světu. Po každém dalším desetiletí, které uplyne od vydání Mezí růstu, se mnozí ptají: Měli autoři pravdu? Anebo šlo o jeden velký omyl či mystifikaci? and Pavel Kovář.
RNA editing is post-transcriptional modification to RNA molecules. In plants, RNA editing primarily occurs to two energy-producing organelles: plastids and mitochondria. Organelle RNA editing is often viewed as a mechanism of correction to compensate for defects or mutations in haploid organelle genomes. A common type of organelle RNA editing is deamination from cytidine to uridine. Cytidine-to-uridine plastid RNA editing is carried out by the RNA editing complex which consists of at least four types of proteins: pentatricopeptide repeat proteins, RNA editing interacting proteins/multiple organellar RNA editing factors, organelle RNA recognition motif proteins, and organelle zinc-finger proteins. The four types of RNA editing factors work together to carry out RNA editing site recognition, zinc cofactor binding, and cytidine-to-uridine deamination. In addition, three other types of proteins have been found to be important for plastid RNA editing. These additional proteins may play a regulatory or stabilizing role in the RNA editing complex., Y. Lu., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Coordinated regulation of apoptosis is critical for development, homeostasis, and immunity in larvae of Metazoa. We determined the full nucleotide sequence of an inhibitor of an apoptosis protein in a lepidopteran insect Mythimna separata (Walker) (MsIAP) and carried out functional analyses of the MsIAP. The full-length cDNA of MsIAP was 1642 bp, which encoded 379 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 41,834 Da, and two BIR domains and one RING domain revealed using amino acid sequence analysis. In addition, the sequences of these domains were similar to Drosophila IAP1 and those of some other lepidopteran insects. We carried out a functional analyses of MsIAP related to apoptosis regulation using RNA interference. The effects of MsIAP knockdown on adhering hemocytes and non-adhering hemocytes as controls were examined using Hoechst33342/propidium iodide staining, effector caspase activity and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) staining. A significantly higher number of propidium iodide and TUNEL-positive cells was recorded in adhering hemocytes from MsIAP knockdown larvae than from control larvae, but these differences were not recorded for non-adhering hemocytes. However, higher effector caspase activity was detected in both adhering and non-adhering hemocytes from MsIAP knockdown larvae compared to that in control larvae. These results indicate that the knockdown of MsIAP induces apoptosis in larval adhering hemocytes, which MsIAP negatively and non-redundantly regulate apoptosis, and that IAP function is conserved in M. separata and other insect species including Drosophila and several lepidopteran insects., Masashi Kamezaki, Kakeru Yokoi, Ken Miura., and Obsahuje bibliografii