a1_Článek se zabývá pamětí a komemorací ozbrojeného násilí spáchaného v rámci občanské rezistence vůči komunistickému režimu v jeho „zakladatelském období“ po únoru 1948. Soustřeďuje se na to, jaká paměť se kolem této menšinové formy protikomunistického odporu konstituuje, zejména prostřednictvím pamětních míst v procesu jejich utváření v době před listopadem 1989 i po něm. V první části se autorka věnuje ozbrojeným konfliktům na železné oponě, tedy na západních hranicích komunistického Československa. Ukazuje, že způsob nahlížení na překonávání státní hranice lidmi, kteří se pokoušeli odejít ze země na Západ, je dosud výrazně ovlivňován pamětí a komemoračními aktivitami veteránů z řad bývalých pohraničníků, mezi nimiž dominuje obraz těchto uprchlíků jako vnitřních nepřátel státu. Druhá část je věnována případům takzvaných politických vražd, tj. aktům násilí na komunistických představitelích, jež jsou spojeny zejména s vesnickým prostředím. Většinou jde o příběhy upadající do zapomenutí, které si společnost nechce znovu připomínat. Výjimku představuje paměť tragických událostí v obci Babice na Českomoravské vysočině z roku 1951, která je opakovaně politicky instrumentalizována a reprodukována. V třetí části studie se autorka zabývá společenskou diskusí o etickém rozměru ozbrojeného protikomunistického odporu, jež se téměř výhradně koncentruje na atypický případ skupiny bratří Mašínů, a procesem konstituování paměti tří odbojů (proti Rakousku-Uhersku za první světové války, proti německé okupaci za druhé světové války a proti komunistickému režimu v čase války studené)., a2_Popisuje komemorační aktivity Konfederace politických vězňů jako součást strategie společenského prosazení třetího, protikomunistického odboje a poukazuje na určité analogie nereflektované paměti politických vězňů a paměti bývalých pohraničníků v kontextu současného historiografického poznání., b1_This article is concerned with the memory and commemoration of acts of armed force which were committed as part of the civilian resistance to the Communist régime in its ‘founding period’ after February 1948. It focuses on how memory is constituted around this minority form of anti-Communist resistance, particularly by means of memorial sites in the process of their formation in the period before the Changes that began in mid-November 1989 and also afterwards. In the first part of the article, the author looks at armed conflicts at the edge of the Iron Curtain, that is, on the western borders of Communist Czechoslovakia. She seeks to demonstrate that the way of looking at border crossings by people fleeing to the West is still considerably influenced by the memory and commemorative activities of veterans of the former border guards, amongst whom dominates the image of these refugees as internal enemies of the State. The second part of the article is devoted to instances of so-called ‘political murder’, that is, acts of violence against Communist politicians, which are connected particularly with villages. Most of these stories are gradually being forgotten; society does not want to recall them. An exception, however, is the memory of the sad events in the village of Babice, in the Bohemian-Moravian uplands, in 1951, which has repeatedly been used by politicians. In the third part of the article, the author considers the social discourse about the ethical dimension of armed anti-Communist resistance, which is almost exclusively focused on the atypical case of the group led by the Mašín brothers, and the process of forming the memory of the three resistances (the first, against Austria-Hungary during the Great War; the second, against the German occupying forces during the Second World War; and the third, against the Communist régime during the Cold War)., b2_She describes the commemorative activities of the Confederation of Political Prisoners as part of the strategy to bolster the social standing of the third, anti-Communist resistance, and she points to certain analogies between the unchallenged memories of political prisoners and the memories of the former border guards in contemporary historiography., and Markéta Devátá.
A salvage excavation carried out in Hlinsko quarry in 2006 yielded a collection of Aurignacian-like artifacts supplemented by a bifacial triangular point. Recently, a refitting attempt documented on-site reduction of a carinated burin-core and shaping/thinning of the bifacial point. Subsequently, a use-wear study supported the homogeneity of the assemblage. The assemblage relates to the Morava-type Aurignacian (B. Klíma) or Míškovice-type Upper Paleolithic industry (M. Oliva) previously known in Moravia for lithic assemblages originating only from surface find spots. At the same time, some similar excavated Upper Paleolithic assemblages combining Aurignacian-like and Szeletian-like features are also known in Eastern Europe., Yuri E. Demidenko, Petr Škrdla, Joseba Rios-Garaizar., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The aim of this paper is to describe 18th century "language criticism" (Sprachkritik) in the Bohemian Lands and underline its role within the process of establishing of the literary criticism. In the Habsburg monarchy, the language criticism can be traced back to the late 1740s; its origins are linked to the southern German sense of cultural (and thus linguistic), political and economical backwardness and to the efforts to catch up with the mostly protestant countries of Central and Northern Germany. The authors of this article examine not only reflections of used language and style in particular works, but also the position, prestige and function of various languages (German, Latin, Czech) themselves. The trends in language criticism and - in the narrower sense - language cultivation are examined with the use of both expert contributions to learned discussions and publicistic articles in critical journals aiming at a larger audience. In the whole process, several moments that meant a significant impulse for language criticism can be observed. The first one would be the appointment of Karl Heinrich Seibt as university professor of Schöne Wissenschaften (belles lettres), rhetoric, historia litteraria and ethics in 1763, followed by the efforts to establish a learned society, Josephine reforms and foundation of a chair of Czech language and literature at Prague university in 1791. Finally, the tightening of censorship from the second half of 1790s on had a considerable influence on criticism; its subject started to change and it began to focus on a different group of intended readers: while it used to try to educate potential future authors, afterwards it concentrated more and more on educating of the "common reader" and engaging him into critical reflections on belles lettres., Václav Petrbok a Ondřej Podavka., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Starting with the traditional dichotomy of two views of the relation between criticism and art - "criticism as art" and "criticism based on detachment" - this study seeks to show both standpoints to be part of a single complex of issues and tensions associated with the functional differentiation within literary communication at the turn of 18th and 19th century. This approach is based on Niklas Luhmann’s system theory, applied (with something of a twist) by Siegfried Schmidt to literature. After introducing the problem of functional differentiation within the literary system in Bohemia, the study presents many different historical conceptions of the relation of art and criticism observable in discussions at the turn of 18th and 19th century in Bohemia. I then focus on the notion of "genius" in these discussions, which played an important role in the development of the concept of "criticism as art". In the following three parts, the study investigates the differentiation of critical praxis: the genesis of "artistic criticism" characterized by hermeneutics and its form-reflecting approach, and the ongoing usage of artistic genres in criticism. The last part focuses on a specific critical genre of the period, the satirical vision, and its transformation as a consequence of the differentiation of the literary system., Václav Smyčka., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy