A major reform in the reign of Joseph II was the establishment in 1786 of the provincial building directorates, through which the court aimed to regulate all public building works in the monarchy. Although the original aim of unifying building regulations throughout the realm was never achieved, the reform was a success and remained in force, with a few minor amendments, until the revolutionary year of 1848. One reason for its success was the elite corps of civil engineers who staffed these institutions. This study looks at advances in technical education, especially engineering, in the Habsburg monarchy from the beginning of the 18th century and the emergence of the Collegia Nobilia, or elite colleges, where graduates were prepared for a career in the Imperial Army. Besides military architecture, the colleges also taught the fundamentals of civil engineering, turning out some of the best‐trained creators of early modern architecture. The development and nature of this elite engineering training is examined with reference to the engineering academies of Prague, Vienna and Olomouc. In all three cases we stress the colleges’ status within the state framework, and their evolution in the light of changing official doctrine and methods of instruction. In all three cases it is clear that during the latter half of the 18th century the original ‘aristocratic’ colleges began to decline and were slowly replaced by similar state‐controlled establishments. As a first step, the court of Joseph II introduced a specialized course in practical architecture at the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts. From around 1800 this model was gradually superseded by the progressive French‐style polytechnic, a modified version of which remains the standard model for technical education to this day., Michal Konečný., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Thirteen deniers and obols from the 10th-12th centuries and one Roman coin were discovered at Staré zámky hillfort. The coins were from the time of Czech prince Boleslav II., king Vladislav II. and three Hungarian kings from the 11th and 12th centuries. The collection consists of several fake (imitation) deniers from the end of the 10th century. In addition, two weights were found within the hillfort-area. This article focuses on the 10th century coins. An increasing number of fake denier finds suggests that these coins were probably minted in Moravia by the locals., Jan Videman., Německé resumé., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Studie se v širokém kontextu zabývá proměnami zahraničního cestovního ruchu a výjezdového cestování občanů Československa, respektive České republiky po roce 1989 jakožto specifického dobového projevu politické, ekonomické i sociálně-kulturní transformace a ''návratu do Evropy''. Struktura tohoto pojednání rámcově postihuje základní okruhy otázek, jež se výjezdového cestovního ruchu dotýkaly. Autor nejprve v hlavních rysech popisuje politický a legislativní proces postupného rušení vízové povinnosti ze strany československých orgánů i států západní Evropy stejně jako postupnou liberalizaci a částečné ,,odstátnění'' tuzemské devizové politiky a agendy souvisící s cestovním ruchem. Druhá část je věnována kontinuitám a diskontinuitám platforem cestovního ruchu, zejména pak transformaci stávajících cestovních kanceláří (Čedok) a hromadnému vzniku nových kanceláří a agentur, jakož i jejich vzestupům a pádům (cestovní kancelář Václava Fischera). Tento pohled tvoří určitou sondu do porevolučních hospodářských dějin v kombinaci s dějinami politiky cestovního ruchu. Ve třetí části autor sleduje, do kterých zemí, v jakém počtu a také z jakých typických důvodů směřovaly od počátku devadesátých let zahraniční cesty československých a českých obyvatel. Analýzy dostupných kvantitativních dat jsou doplněny interpretací závěrů z realizovaného orálněhistorického výzkumu, který mimo jiné zjišťoval, jaké podoby mělo polistopadové cestování do zahraničí, jak je vnímali jeho účastníci a jaké významy mu přisuzovali., This article is concerned with changes in the tourist industry and travel abroad by Czechoslovaks and, after late 1989, Czechs as a particular expression of the political, economic, and socio-cultural transformation of that period, incuding the ''return to Europe''. The structure of the article is based roughly on the basic groups of questions, which concern tourism abroad. The author first describes in broad outline the political and legislative processes of the gradual lifting of visa restrictions by the Czechoslovak authorities and the states of western Europe as well as the gradual liberalization and partial ''denationalization'' of Czechoslovak currency policy and paperwork related to tourism. He then, in the second part, looks at the continuities and discontinuities of the forms of the tourist industry, particularly the transformation of the existing travel agencies (under the former Čedok monopoly) and the massive emergence of new travel agencies, as well as their rise and fall (for instance, Fischer Reisen, the travel agency of Václav Fischer). In combination with the history of travel-industry policy, the result seeks to be a contribution to the economic history of the country after the Changes of late 1989. In the third part of the article, the author traces the countries to which Czechoslovak, and later, Czech citizens travelled and in what number, and what their typical reasons were, from the beginning of the 1990s onwards. His analysis of the accessible quantitative data is followed by his interpretations of oral-history research intended, among other things, to discover the forms that travel abroad took after November 1989, how the participants perceived this travel, and what importance they attached to it., Pavel Mücke., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Se vzpomínkami dlouholetého ředitele Moravské galerie v Brně Jiřího Hlušičky se dle autora zájemcům o dějiny města Brna dostává do rukou zajímavé svědectví o kulturním životě moravské metropole ve druhé polovině dvacátého století. Hlušička stál v čele této instituce téměř tři desítky let, od roku 1961, kdy se mu podařilo ji vytvořit osamostatněním obrazárny Moravského muzea v Brně a jejím spojením s Uměleckoprůmyslovým muzeem, až do roku 1989, kdy odešel do důchodu. Hlavně kolem tohoto působení se také soustřeďují jeho vzpomínky, mezi nimiž mohou zaujmout například črty význačných umělců, s nimiž se setkal. Autor jen lituje, že na okraji líčení zůstaly politické události a proměny atmosféry ve společnosti od padesátých do osmdesátých let., According to the reviewer, these memoirs of the long-serving director of the Moravian Gallery, in Brno, Jiří Hlušička (b. 1929), provide readers interested in the history of Brno with lively testimony about the arts scene in this city, the capital of Moravia, in the second half of the twentieth century. Hlušička was head of this institution for almost three decades, from 1961, when he succeed in creating it (by making the picture gallery of the Moravian Museum in Brno independent and then joining it to the Museum of Decorative Arts), until 1989, when he retired. And it is mainly on people, places, and events associated with this work that his memoirs are focused, including character sketches of important artists he had met. The reviewer regrets only that the political events and the changes in the atmosphere of society from the 1950s to the 1980s remain on the periphery of this account., [autor recenze] Jiří Pernes., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Adventus of Francis I and Maria Theresa to Florence the capital of the grand duchy of Tuscany represents an event that should not be forgotten. A reference to this ceremonial entrance of the emperor that took place on January 20, 1739 is nowadays commemorated by the Arco di Trionfo in Florence, by the relief on sarcophagus of Maria Theresa and Francois I in Imperial Crypt in Vienna as well as in the preserved written records. Based on one of the period sources (Relazione Dell’ Ingresso fatto in Firenze Dalle Altezze Reali del Serenissimo Francesco III Duca di Lorena, e di Bar, ec. ec. Granduca di Toscana, E della Serenissima Maria Teresa, Arciduchessa d’ Austria, e Granduchessa di Toscana. Il dì 20. Gennaio 1738. ab Inc.), the course of the ceremonial entrance was reconstructed. Bearing in mind its author’s intention to provide an idealized record of the event aiming to glorify the new grand duke the text was subjected to collation with hard facts of the period to obtain a more realistic view of the event., Terezie Pilarová a Magdaléna Marjaková., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Portrét kanadského fyzika, který získal v r. 2009 Nobelovu cenu za vynález zobrazovacího polovodičového obvodu - CCD senzoru. and Rubrika: Nobelova cena za fyziku
Ústav pro soudobé dějiny Akademie věd ČR, v. v. i., ve spolupráci s Centrem pro ruská, středo- a východoevropská studia Univerzity v Glasgow (Centre for Russian, Central and East European Studies, University of Glasgow) uspořádal ve dnech 24. a 25. března 2012 v Praze mezinárodní workshop „Environmentální dějiny visegrádských zemí: Studená válka a environmentální vědy“, který byl podpořen Visegrádským fondem. Cílem setkání badatelů zaměřených na environmentální dějiny a na dějiny vědy bylo umožnit rozvoj spolupráce v tomto oboru se zřetelem na roli environmentálních dějin v dynamice vztahů Východu a Západu v období studené války., On 24 and 25 March 2012, the Institute of Contemporary History, Prague, together with the Centre for Russian, Central and East European Studies at the University of Glasgow, held an international workshop in Prague. Entitled ‘Environmental Histories of the Visegrád Countries: Cold War and Environmental Sciences’, the workshop was supported by the Visegrád Fund. The aim of the meeting was to enable people researching environmental history and the history of scholarship to work together more closely in this field, focusing on the role of environmental history in the relations between East and West during the Cold War., Emma Hakala ; přeložila Doubravka Olšáková., and přeloženo z angličtiny