Light trapping is the most widely used tool for determining the diversity of nocturnal Lepidoptera, but UV LEDs have yet to be used as light sources for the large-scale monitoring of Lepidoptera. We assessed the efficiency of this novel light source for sampling moths using a Heath type moth equipped with a strip of 150 high brightness UV LEDs (emission peak 398 nm, ~ 15 W) powered by a 12 V battery. We compared the number of individuals, the number of species and the Geometridae / Noctuidae ratio recorded for the samples collected using UV LED traps with those collected in two monitoring programs carried out in the same geographic region using two different light sources: a 200 W incandescent lamp (Rothamsted trap) and a 160 W mercury vapour lamp (manual catch). The total catch consisted of 61,120 individuals belonging to 699 species. The species richness rarefaction curves revealed that the Rothamsted trap collected fewer species and individuals than UV LED traps. Furthermore, the median numbers of species and individuals caught by UV LED traps fell within the range of those caught by mercury vapour lamp traps. In addition, the community composition recorded using incandescent lamps and UV LEDs was similar. The data obtained using UV LED traps, in absolute terms and in comparison with the other light sources and different sampling methods, clearly reveal that this light source is suitable for sampling macro-moth communities. For field work UV LEDs have many advantages, as they are resistant to mechanical damage, easily protected from heavy rain and energy efficient., Marco Infusino, Gunnar Brehm, Carlo Di Marco, Stefano Scalercio., and Obsahuje bibliografii
This paper presents the preliminary results of the study of the Early Neolithic pottery production in the Marche region, Italy (VI mill. BC). The main goal of this research is to expand the knowledge of pottery manufacturing processes associated to the typical Central Adriatic Impressed Ware, at present poorly understood. All sites under analysis are located in the piedmont hills of the Apennine Mountains, except one which is on the coast. This study aims to highlight synchronic and diachronic variability in pottery technology, to identify common traits and to investigate the raw materials selection and exploitation strategies. The pottery assemblages are examined by means of an integrated approach which include techno-typological and archaeometric analyses. The environmental factors, the distribution of resources, the technology solutions taken by these early Neolithic communities are considered. and Článek předkládá předběžné výsledky studia časně neolitické výroby keramiky v oblasti Marche, Itálie (6. tisíciletí př. Kr.). Hlavním cílem tohoto výzkumu bylo rozšířit dosud sporé znalosti o keramických výrobních postupech spojených s typickou středojadranskou keramikou impresso. Všechny zkoumané lokality se nacházejí v předhůří Apenin, kromě jedné, která leží na pobřeží. Cílem studia je upozornit na synchronní a diachronní variabilitu keramické technologie, určit společné prvky a zkoumat výběr surovin a těžební strategie. Keramické soubory byly zkoumány jednotným postupem zahrnujícím techno-typologické a archeometrické analýzy. V potaz byly brány i přírodní prostředí, rozmístění zdrojů a technologická řešení, která sledované časně neolitické komunity volily.
Článek se pokouší kriticky zhodnotit tezi hledající impuls ke vzniku pozdně laténských oppid v severní Itálii, v regionu Emilia-Romagna, kde ve 4. – poč. 2. stol. př. Kr. sídlil keltský kmen Bojů. Po shrnutí dostupných pramenů, písemných i archeologických, vztahujících se k dané oblasti a období, přistupuje k jejich interpretaci z hlediska dané problematiky a ke komentování diskuse, jež k tématu probíhala v italské archeologii. Na podporu teze není shledán dostatek argumentů ani ve výpovědi písemných pramenů, ani v dostupném nálezovém fondu. and The article evaluates critically a theory searching for the impulse for the emergence of late La Tène opppida in the north Italian region of Emilia Romagna, where the Celtic tribe of Boii is reported to have dwelt in the 4th - early 2th centuries B.C. After summarising both written and archeological sources for the period and region in question, its interpretation is approached in light of this evidence and subsequently of discussions on the problem which are taking place in Italian archaeology. The theory is found to be insufficiently backed by both written sources and by archaeological evidence.
Článek zkoumá předpoklady hypotézy, podle níž několik keramických fragmentů ze středočeských oppid imituje tvary středomořské keramiky. Dosud aktuální názor na problematiku je shledán sporným z důvodu chronologických či formálních nesrovnalostí a je poukázáno na meze úvah o formální imitaci. Namísto nich je u většiny fragmentů středomořský vliv shledáván nanejvýš ve funkční inspiraci. V případě jednoho fragmentu by o imitaci bylo možno uvažovat jen v případě jeho datace do raně laténského období. and The article reconsiders the premises of a hypothesis according to which several pottery sherds found in the late La Tène oppida in central Bohemia imitate Mediterranean ceramic forms. The idea of the formal imitation of concrete vase types is questioned on the grounds of chronological and formal inconsistencies. Instead of a problematic theory of formal imitation, functional inspiration is proposed as a more appropriate mechanism to explain the reception of the Mediterranean influence. In one case, only change of the object’s chronology (to the early La Tène period) could help it maintain its status of an imitation.
Článek srovnává problémy soudobého práva na Západě, které je kritizováno pro úpadek právní jistoty i důvěry společnosti v právo, s problémy práva ve společnostech v italských státech mezi vrcholným středověkem a raným novověkem.Toto srovnání ukazuje, že řada problémů nacházených v soudobých právních řádech včetně nejistoty způsobené právním pluralismem nebo pluralitou pramenů práva, nestability práva, proliferace právních předpisů a rozpory mezi nimi nebo pomalého a formalistického soudnictví, které může podléhat i korupčním tlakům a včetně nátlaku lobbistických skupin se na Západě zjevně opakuje, což svádí k závěru, že jde o antropologické konstanty spojené s vládnutím prostřednictvím práva
v západním pojetí. To, zdá se, platí i o reformách práva, po kterých se opakovaně volá a které se provádějí, aniž by byly schopny přinést definitivní řešení. and The present article compares the problems of contemporary Western law, criticized for the demise of legal certainty and social confidence in law, with those in societies in Italian states between High Middle Ages and Early Modern period. This comparison shows that many problems found in
the present legal systems including uncertainty due to legal pluralism and plurality of sources of law, instability of law, proliferation of written law and conflicts between its provisions, slow and formalist judiciary which may be prone to corruption or pressures from lobby groups are repeated in the West
which suggests that these problems may represent anthropological constants linked to rule through law in the Western understanding. It seems that this observation holds true also for legal reforms which are regularly called for and put into practice without being able to bring about the ideal
solution.
Several studies address the question of which forest attributes are most important for the conservation of biodiversity. Unfortunately, there are no unequivocal answers because the response of a biological group to changes in forest structure depends on its natural history and scale of organization. It is important to increase our knowledge of the potential relationships between under studied groups of species and forest variables in order to adopt timber harvesting strategies not detrimental to biodiversity, especially in old-growth forests. We assessed the importance of 10 forest attributes and old-growth for Psychidae (Lepidoptera) species and communities. Research was carried out in 12 forest stands in a mountainous beech dominated landscape in southern Italy, in the middle of the Mediterranean Basin. Samples were collected in 2001 and 2013 and data were merged after pairwise comparison analyses that confirmed the long term stability of communities. Correspondence Analysis, Cluster Analysis and non-parametric Spearman Rank Order Correlation were used to identify determinants of Psychidae abundance and diversity. We collected 2,732 Psychidae belonging to 8 species. Correspondence analysis identified old-growth as the main determinant of communities. Most significant attributes for individual species were beech dominance, diameter at breast height and its standard deviation. For Taleporia defoliella there were positive correlations with these forest parameters, whereas for Psyche crassiorella the correlations were negative. This study underlined the importance of forest attributes associated with old-growth forests for sustaining biodiversity. These findings indicate the need to incorporate these attributes in forest planning, especially those aspects that are easily recognizable such as the number of large trees., Stefano Scalercio, Teresa Bonacci, Rosario Turco, Vincenzo Bernardini., and Obsahuje bibliografii
This paper presents biological notes on two species of Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae that emerged from old spongy-woody galls of Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu, 1951 collected in Sicily (Italy) in April 2015: Leptophyes sicula Kleukers, Odé et Fontana, 2010 (Phaneropterinae) and Cyrtaspis scutata (Charpentier, 1825) (Meconematinae). Between the end of April and the first few days of May a total of 30 neanids emerged from the galls, were reared and their life-cycle recorded. While L. sicula laid eggs in groups, C. scutata laid single eggs inside the galls; both species in a few years have adapted to exploiting this new shelter for egg laying. No interaction with the gall inducing insect was noted., Giuliano Cerasa, Bruno Massa., and Obsahuje bibliografii