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12. Krize soudobého práva v historických souvislostech

Creator:
Malíř, Jan
Type:
article, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
crisis of law, Italy, High Middle Ages, Early Modern period, legislation, judiciary, society, krize práva, Itálie, vrcholný středověk, raný novověk, legislativa, soudnictví, and společnost
Language:
Czech
Description:
Článek srovnává problémy soudobého práva na Západě, které je kritizováno pro úpadek právní jistoty i důvěry společnosti v právo, s problémy práva ve společnostech v italských státech mezi vrcholným středověkem a raným novověkem.Toto srovnání ukazuje, že řada problémů nacházených v soudobých právních řádech včetně nejistoty způsobené právním pluralismem nebo pluralitou pramenů práva, nestability práva, proliferace právních předpisů a rozpory mezi nimi nebo pomalého a formalistického soudnictví, které může podléhat i korupčním tlakům a včetně nátlaku lobbistických skupin se na Západě zjevně opakuje, což svádí k závěru, že jde o antropologické konstanty spojené s vládnutím prostřednictvím práva v západním pojetí. To, zdá se, platí i o reformách práva, po kterých se opakovaně volá a které se provádějí, aniž by byly schopny přinést definitivní řešení. and The present article compares the problems of contemporary Western law, criticized for the demise of legal certainty and social confidence in law, with those in societies in Italian states between High Middle Ages and Early Modern period. This comparison shows that many problems found in the present legal systems including uncertainty due to legal pluralism and plurality of sources of law, instability of law, proliferation of written law and conflicts between its provisions, slow and formalist judiciary which may be prone to corruption or pressures from lobby groups are repeated in the West which suggests that these problems may represent anthropological constants linked to rule through law in the Western understanding. It seems that this observation holds true also for legal reforms which are regularly called for and put into practice without being able to bring about the ideal solution.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

13. Laboratory studies on intraguild predation and cannibalism among coccinellid larvae (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Creator:
Rondoni, Gabriele, Onofri, Andrea, and Ricci, Carlo
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Coccinellidae, Harmonia axyridis, intraguild predation, biological control, invasive species, Italy, interval-censored survival analysis, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
1_Intraguild predation (IGP) and cannibalism occur in the field and could affect the dominance structure of guilds of coccinellid species. The exotic biological control agent Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is now well established in most areas of Northern and Central Italy, but it is unclear what effect this species could have on native dominant and non-dominant coccinellids with which it co-occurs. In order to predict the trophic interactions in coccinellid guilds and the likely effect of H. axyridis, the incidence of IGP and cannibalism among the following six species were evaluated under laboratory conditions: H. axyridis, three native dominant species, Adalia bipunctata (L.), Oenopia conglobata (L.) and Coccinella septempunctata L. and two native non-dominant species, Platynaspis luteorubra (Goeze) and Scymnus apetzi (Mulsant). Unfed and fed fourth instar larvae of the above species were paired in an experimental arena and the incidence of predation recorded over a period of 24 h. In absence of aphids, the survival probabilities (SP) of A. bipunctata and O. conglobata were lowest when paired with either C. septempunctata or H. axyridis (< 0.20 SP after 24 h). The SP of C. septempunctata was similar if paired with either a conspecific larva or H. axyridis (< 0.34 SP after 24 h) and that of H. axyridis was reduced similarly if paired with either a conspecific larva or C. septempunctata (> 0.71 SP after 24 h). The SP of P. luteorubra was lower when paired with A. bipunctata and C. septempunctata (< 0.07 SP after 24 h) than with other species and that of S. apetzi was greatly reduced when paired with all the dominant and exotic species (< 0.27 SP after 24h)., 2_In presence of aphids no predatory events occurred in most combinations. H. axyridis acted as a strong predator of native dominant and non-dominant coccinellids when the aphids are scarce. We did not find any evidence, however, that the incidence of IGP among exotic and native species is higher than either IGP or cannibalism in native species. The likelihood of IGP occurring in the field is discussed., Gabriele Rondoni, Andrea Onofri, Carlo Ricci., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

14. Leonardo da Vinci - umělec, inženýr a vědec

Creator:
Kraus, Ivo
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
da Vinci, Leonardo, 1452-1519, 15.-16. století, výtvarní umělci, vědci, artists, scientists, Itálie, Italy, 21, 12, 72/76, and 00
Language:
Czech
Description:
Řekne-li se Leonardo, vytanou nám na mysli názvy jeho nejznámějších malířských děl Madona ve skalách, Poslední večeře, Mona Lisa či Dáma s hranostajem. Teprve potom anatomické nebo technické náčrty, přestože jich je mnohem víc. Byl samouk, přitom však nejuniverzálnější z lidí v době, kdy všestrannost ještě nepatřila k nesplnitelným snům. Svými poznatky obohatil téměř všechny vědní oblasti doby, v níž žil - anatomii, fyziologii, botaniku, paleontologii, kartografii, geologii, matematiku, chemii, aerodynamiku, astronomii, optiku, mechaniku, hydrauliku i akustiku. Měl dobré důvody cítit se geniálním umělcem i učencem., Ivo Kraus., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

15. Olga Pujmanová (za spolupráce Petra Přibyla), Italian painting c. 1330-1550. I. National Gallery in Prague. II. Collections in the Czech Republic

Creator:
Jan Chlíbec
Format:
print
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Národní galerie (Praha, Česko), dějiny umění, italské malířství, umělecké sbírky, history of art, Italian painting, art collections, Itálie, Italy, 21, and 75
Language:
Czech
Description:
[autor recenze] Jan Chlíbec.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

16. Poznámky k Triptychu kardinála Stefaneschiho a jeho mecenášství ve vztahu k Giottovi i dobové knižní a deskové malbě: (Věnováno památce profesora Jaromíra Homolky)

Creator:
Kubík, Viktor
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Stefaneschi Triptych, Master of the Codex of St George, painting of the 1st half of the 14th century, monumental and book painting, Italy, Avignon, and Bohemia
Language:
Multiple languages
Description:
The paper focuses on the patronage of Cardinal Jacoppo Stefaneschi (died 1343) viewed from the perspective of book and monumental painting in the context of more general problems. First it analyses the relationship between the aesthetically discerning patron and Giotto, a celebrated artist tending towards a different style orientation and then it outlines some conceivable ramifications of this association for the further development of Giotto´s workshop. It examines the possible iconographic significance of the Stefaneschi altar in the period political context, and following this proposes more precise dating of the Stefaneschi Triptych and the Codex of St George. This layer of Italian art is immensely inspiring for the subsequent development of Bohemian painting in the period of the Luxembourgs.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

17. Problém moře: k (italskému) údělu Karla Bačkovského (1878-1901)

Creator:
Topor, Michal
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Czech modernism and Italy
Language:
Czech
Description:
The following study intends to introduce a forgotten poet, novelist and critic, Karel Bačkovský. Consistent chronological focus on his texts serves as a basis for re/construction and outline of certain symptomatic moments and characteristic topics of contemporary discussions (social role of art and artists, tension between reality and imagination, feminism, relations to the past) - through the specific perspective of the author. and Článek zahrnuje poznámkový aparát pod čarou
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

18. Redescription of the gonad-infecting nematode Philometra saltatrix Ramachandran, 1973 (Philometridae) based on specimens from the type host Pomatomus saltatrix (L.) (Osteichthyes) from the Tuscan Sea, Italy

Creator:
Moravec, František, Magi, Marta, and Macchioni, Fabio
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Philometra, parasitic nematode, gonads, marine fish, Pomatomus, and Italy
Language:
English
Description:
The philometrid nematode, Philometra saltatrix Ramachandran, 1973, is redescribed from male and female specimens collected from the ovaries of the marine fish (bluefish) Pomatomus saltatrix (L.) (Pomatomidae, Perciformes) from the Tuscan Sea, Italy. The light and scanning electron microscopical examination made it possible to study in detail the morphology of this so far little known species. For the first time, the actual structure of the male cephalic and caudal ends is described. The male possesses 14 small cephalic papillae arranged in two circles, the spicules are 84-111 µm long and the gubernaculum, 75-84 µm long, has its distal portion provided with dorsal transverse lamella-like structures. The caudal end of subgravid females bears two very small, hardly visible lateral papilla-like projections. This is the first record of P. saltatrix, a species originally described from the West Atlantic, from the Tuscan Sea and the second one in the Mediterranean region.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

19. Relationships between Psychidae communities (Lepidoptera: Tineoidea) and the ecological characteristics of old-growth forests in a beech dominated landscape

Creator:
Scalercio, Stefano, Bonacci, Teresa, Turco, Rosario, and Bernardini, Vincenzo
Format:
print, počítač, and online zdroj
Type:
article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, motýli, biodiverzita, butterflies, biodiversity, Itálie, Italy, Lepidoptera, Psychidae, biological conservation, forest planning, old-growth, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
Several studies address the question of which forest attributes are most important for the conservation of biodiversity. Unfortunately, there are no unequivocal answers because the response of a biological group to changes in forest structure depends on its natural history and scale of organization. It is important to increase our knowledge of the potential relationships between under studied groups of species and forest variables in order to adopt timber harvesting strategies not detrimental to biodiversity, especially in old-growth forests. We assessed the importance of 10 forest attributes and old-growth for Psychidae (Lepidoptera) species and communities. Research was carried out in 12 forest stands in a mountainous beech dominated landscape in southern Italy, in the middle of the Mediterranean Basin. Samples were collected in 2001 and 2013 and data were merged after pairwise comparison analyses that confirmed the long term stability of communities. Correspondence Analysis, Cluster Analysis and non-parametric Spearman Rank Order Correlation were used to identify determinants of Psychidae abundance and diversity. We collected 2,732 Psychidae belonging to 8 species. Correspondence analysis identified old-growth as the main determinant of communities. Most significant attributes for individual species were beech dominance, diameter at breast height and its standard deviation. For Taleporia defoliella there were positive correlations with these forest parameters, whereas for Psyche crassiorella the correlations were negative. This study underlined the importance of forest attributes associated with old-growth forests for sustaining biodiversity. These findings indicate the need to incorporate these attributes in forest planning, especially those aspects that are easily recognizable such as the number of large trees., Stefano Scalercio, Teresa Bonacci, Rosario Turco, Vincenzo Bernardini., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

20. Rožmberská rodová legenda o původu z římského rodu Orsini před Oldřichem II. z Rožmberka (1403-1462)

Creator:
Petr Maťa
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
II, <<z >>Rožmberka, Oldřich, 1403-1462, Rožmberkové (rod), Orsini (rod), 14.-15. století, medievalistika, rody, legendy, medievalistics, families, legends, Čechy (Česko), Itálie, Bohemia (Czechia), Italy, 8, and 930
Language:
Czech
Description:
The Rožmberk family legend, which derived the origin of Bohemia´s leading aristocratic dynasty from the Roman Orsini, is usually attributed to Oldřich II of Rožmberk. This attribution however relies on indirect arguments. This article argues that the Orsini claim emerged at least a generation earlier. The conclusion relies on a letter which King Sigismund of Luxembourg addressed to the city commune of Trogir in Dalmatia in 1411 and which contains an allusion to the supposed kinship. The document surveved only as a seventeenth-century copy among papers of the Dalmatian scholar Giovanni Lucio. The internal signs of the writing as well as Lucio´s scholastic profile seem to exclude the possibility that Lucio would have forged it. The early emergence of the claim contradicts neither the broader context of the Orsini legend in various regions of the late-medieval Europe, nor other fifteenth-century documents so far known on the existence of the Orsini myth within the Rožmberk family. These documents, I suggest, shouldbe read in a different way as usual., Petr Maťa., and Obsahuje poznámky pod čarou
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public