Pokrok zejména v oblasti molekulární imunologie otevřel nové možnosti, umožnil identifikaci nových cílů v imunitním systému a vedl k vývoji nových protinádorových látek. Některé z těchto látek jsou v současné době schváleny a jsou součástí standardní léčby, další jsou v posledních fázích klinického zkoušení. Tyto látky mají význam zejména v paliativní indikaci u nemocných s pokročilým stadiem onemocnění, kterým nemůžeme nabídnout mnoho léčebných možností. Očekává se rozšíření imunoterapie i do indikace adjuvantní. Potenciál imunoterapie v léčbě nádorových onemocnění je velký, pozornost se soustřeďuje na solidní nádory. Zejména maligní melanom hrál důležitou roli při rozvoji imunoterapie u nádorových onemocnění. Značné úsilí je také věnováno hledání klinicky dostupných prediktivních a prognostických faktorů, které by dokázaly vybrat pacienty vhodné k léčbě a které by usnadnily její průběžné hodnocení., Advances, particularly in the field of molecular immunology, have opened new opportunities, allowed identification of new targets in the immune system, and resulted in developing new anticancer agents. Some of these agents have already been approved and become a part of standard treatment while others are in the final phases of clinical trials. These agents are of particular importance in the palliative indication in patients with advanced disease stage who cannot be offered many treatment options. Immunotherapy is expected to be approved for the extended adjuvant indication. The potential of immunotherapy in treating tumour disease is great, with attention being paid to solid tumours. It is malignant melanoma that has played an important role in developing immunotherapy in tumour diseases. Considerable effort is being made to search for clinically available predictive and prognostic factors capable of selecting patients suitable for treatment and facilitating its continuous evaluation., Denisa Vitásková, Bohuslav Melichar, and Literatura
Cell surface expression of PD-1, PD-L1 and PD-L2 immune checkpoints on B and T cells obtained from patients with mantle cell lymphoma shows ambiguous results across many studies and creates obstacles for the implementation of immune checkpoint inhibitors into the therapy of mantle cell lymphoma. Using multiparameter flow cytometry we analysed surface expression of PD-1, PD-L1 and PD-L2 molecules on B and T cells of 31 newly diagnosed mantle cell lymphomas and compared it with the results of 26 newly diagnosed chronic lymphocytic leukaemias and 20 healthy volunteers. To gain insight into the age-dependent changes of surface expression of these immune checkpoints, flow cytometric subanalysis of 30 healthy volunteers of 25–93 years of age was conducted. Overall, we demonstrated weak surface expression of PD-1, PD-L1 and PD-L2 on B and T cells of mantle cell lymphoma patients (< 10 % when compared to healthy individuals). A significant age-dependent increase in the expression of PD-1 and its ligand PD-L2 was observed in healthy volunteers. Our results suggest that neither PD-1 nor its ligands represent relevant druggable targets for the therapy of mantle cell lymphoma. The observed age-dependent changes in healthy population could impact efficiency of immune checkpoint inhibitors and could be at least partly connected with increased incidence of cancer with age.