Search

Start Over Subject Zoologie Date Unknown

612. Toxic associations: a review of the predatory behaviors of millipede assassin bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Ectrichodiinae)

Creator:
Forthman, Michael and Weirauch, Christiane
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Ectrichodiinae, millipede, prey specificity, communal predation, Costa Rica, Rhiginia cinctiventris, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
Ectrichodiinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), the millipede assassin bugs, are a speciose group (>660 species) of assassin bugs that appear to be specialist predators on Diplopoda, or millipedes. Apparently capable of coping with the noxious defensive compounds produced by many millipedes, Ectrichodiinae are engaged in a predator-prey relationship with millipedes realized only by few other arthropods. Unfortunately, feeding behaviors of Ectrichodiinae are inadequately documented, rendering this exciting phenomenon largely inaccessible. We here present a literature review on ectrichodiine prey selection and feeding behaviors, with supplemental original observations on Rhiginia cinctiventris (Stål, 1872) in Costa Rica. Thirteen species in 12 genera have been observed to feed on millipedes. The majority of diplopod prey species were reported from the orders Spirostreptida and Spirobolida, whereas Polydesmida are rarely attacked. Ectrichodiinae insert their stylets at the millipede’s intersegmental membranes on the ventral and ventro-lateral trunk area or between the head and collum. Communal predation was observed among conspecific nymphs, among groups of nymphs with a conspecific adult, and more rarely among adults. Immature ectrichodiines were rarely observed to engage in solitary predation. Observations on R. cinctiventris indicate that this species preys on spirobolid and polydesmid millipedes and are in agreement with behaviors described for other Ectrichodiinae., Michael Forthman, Christiane Weirauch., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

613. Tri-trophic interaction involving host plants, black legume aphid, Aphis craccivora (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and the predator, Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Creator:
Routray, Snehasish
Format:
print, počítač, and online zdroj
Type:
article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, polokřídlí, mšicovití, slunéčkovití, mšice, Hemiptera, Aphididae, Coccinellidae, aphids, Aphis craccivora, Coleoptera, Cheilomenes sexmaculata, tri-trophic interaction, host plants, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
Interactions involving host plants (cowpea, groundnut, cotton, sunflower, greengram, blackgram) an insect herbivore, black legume aphid Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and a predator, the zigzag beetle Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) were investigated during 2014-2015. The preference of the aphid A. craccivora for host plants measured in terms of growth and multiplication was cowpea > groundnut > greengram > blackgram > sunflower > cotton (most preferred to least preferred). Cowpea was the most preferred host plant for growth and multiplication of A. craccivora. Aphid's oviposition period was longest, fecundity greatest; adult longevity longest (188.40 ± 28.87 h; 52.00 ± 10.92; 231.60 ± 40.41 h), and nymphal mortality was lowest (0%) when reared on cowpea followed by groundnut, greengram and blackgram. Aphids had highest nymphal mortality (100%), with very few or no live adults produced, when reared on sunflower and cotton, the least preferred host of A. craccivora in this study. At the third trophic level, both the larvae and the adults of the coccinellid, Cheilomenes sexmaculata, consumed more of the aphids reared on groundnut than of those reared on blackgram, greengram, cowpea, sunflower and cotton. The biochemical constituents (phenols) present in cotton and sunflower, which contributed to the aphid's nymphal mortality, also affected the feeding behaviour of the coccinellid., Snehasish Routray, Karnam V. Hari Prasad., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

614. Trophic induction of diapause in native and invasive populations of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Creator:
Ovchinnikova, Antonina A., Ovchinnikov, Andrey N., Dolgovskaya, Margarita Yu., Reznik, Sergey Ya., and Belyakova, Natalia A.
Format:
print, počítač, and online zdroj
Type:
article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, brouci, slunéčkovití, slunéčko východní, beetles, Coccinellidae, Harmonia axyridis, Coleoptera, photoperiod, diet, diapause, invasion, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
Ovipositing females from invasive (Krasnodar Territory of Russia) and native (Far East of Russia) populations of Harmonia axyridis were fed one of a set of diets ranging from 50 Myzus persicae aphids every day to 1 aphid every 10 days and all were also provided with a 10% sugar solution. The experiment was conducted at 20°C under short (12 h) and long (18 h) day conditions. Most of the females from the native population that consumed 50 or 10 aphids per day continued to oviposit under both long and short day conditions. Females that consumed 1 aphid per day or every 2 days practically stopped laying eggs but under long day conditions their ovaries were still active, whereas under short day conditions ca 50% of them were reproductively inactive (only germaria present) and had a well-developed fat body. Further reduction in diet resulted in an increase in the proportion of reproductively inactive females. However, about half of the females that terminated oogenesis under long day conditions had poorly developed fat bodies, which indicates that diapause was not induced. For the females from the invasive population, both photoperiodic and trophic effects were weak: under short day conditions, some females entered diapause when prey was abundant, whereas about 50% (independent of photoperiod) did not enter diapause when starved. This risk-spreading strategy, possibly, facilitates the adaptation of this invasive ladybird to unpredictable environmental conditions., Antonina A. Ovchinnikova, Andrey N. Ovchinnikov, Margarita Yu. Dolgovskaya, Sergey Ya. Reznik, Natalia A. Belyakova., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

615. Trophobiosis in the arboricolous ant Liometopum microcephalum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dolichoderinae)

Creator:
Jiří Schlaghamerský, Kašpar, Jan, Lenka Petráková, and Šustr, Vladimír
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Hymonoptera, Formicidae, Dolichoderinae, arboricolous, ants, trohobiosis, foraging, honeydew, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
1_The arboricolous dolichoderine ant Liometopum microcephalum (Panzer, 1798) is considered to be mainly predatory, although there are some reports of it tending aphids. The main objective of the present study was to confirm that this ant has a trophobiotic relationship with aphids and assess seasonal differences in its utilization of honeydew. We hypothesized that the worker ants on trees where they have their nest (nest tree) and trees where they are foraging (foraging trees) should differ in gaster mass and sugar content depending on their direction of movement, and that both should be highest in spring. From spring to summer 2009, ascending and descending workers were collected from nest and foraging trees at a locality in South Moravia, Czech Republic. Mass of their gasters and their content of total and reducing sugars were measured using chemical (photometric) methods. Differences in gaster mass confirmed the flow of liquid food from foraging to nest trees, but there were no significant between-month differences. Contents of total and reducing sugars were positively correlated with gaster mass. The gasters of workers descending from foraging trees contained significantly more reducing sugars than those of workers descending or ascending nest trees. The content of reducing sugars was lowest at the beginning of the ants’ activity period in April and highest in June, with a non-significant drop in July. Results for total sugars were similar, with the decrease in July being significant. The concentration of sugars in the gasters of workers ascending and descending nest trees did not differ significantly but the absolute content of total sugars was higher in the gasters of ascending ants., 2_Results from foraging trees confirmed that the ants collected the honeydew from these trees. Possible reasons for the ambigous results for nest trees are discussed. We conclude that trophobiosis is an important component of the nutritional biology of L. microcephalum., Jiří Schlaghamerský ... []., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

616. Tropical Forests of Borneo. 1. Mizející divočina

Creator:
Radim Hédl
Type:
article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, zoologie, botanika, fyziologie rostlin, pěstitelství, botany, plant physiology, horticultural education, 2, and 59
Language:
Czech
Description:
Tropické lesy ostrova Borneo v jihovýchodní Asii jsou celosvětově výjimečné vysokou biodiverzitou různých skupin organismů. Jejich podoba byla formována mimo jiné během čtvrtohorního kolísání hladiny světových oceánů, kdy byly ostrovy sundské oblasti vzájemně propojeny či odděleny, což mělo vliv na migraci organismů. Současná diverzita lesů Bornea sleduje gradient nadmořské výšky a vlastnosti substrátů, přičemž můžeme rozlišit několik hlavních typů lesa. V posledních desetiletích jsme svědky masivní těžby lesů, které jsou mnohde převáděny na plantáže palmy olejné., Tropical forests of the island of Borneo in South East Asia harbour an extraordinary high biodiversity of various groups of or­ganisms. They have been shaped, among other influences, by the Quaternary fluctuations of the level of world’s oceans, connecting or dividing islands within the Sundaland, which has affected migration of species. The present diversity of forests in Borneo follows an elevational gradient and substrate properties, thus forming se­veral main forest types. Over the past few decades, we have witnessed massive logging and transformation of forests into oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) plantations., Radim Hédl., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

618. Two new ripidiine species in Dominican amber with evidence of aggregative behaviour of males "frozen" in the fossil record (Coleoptera: Ripiphoridae)

Creator:
Batelka, Jan, Michael S. Engel, Falin, Zachary H., and Jakub Prokop
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, entomologie, Střední Amerika, Central America, taxonomy, Coleoptera, Ripiphoridae, Ripidiinae, Neorrhipidius, Quasipirhidius, new species, Tertiary, Miocene, Dominican amber, paleoethology, aggregative behaviour, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
Ten amber inclusions of male Ripidiinae (Coleoptera: Ripiphoridae) are reported from Early Miocene deposits of the Dominican Republic and compared with extant species of Neorrhipidius Viana, 1958 from Argentina and Paraguay and Quasipirhidius Zaragoza Caballero, 1991 from Mexico. Neorrhipidius seicherti sp. n. and Quasipirhidius luzziae sp. n. are described and illustrated. Both species are characterised by 11-segmented antennae with eight distal antennomeres uniflabellate, mouthparts reduced to maxillary palpi represented by long styli with fused basal palpomeres, by metathoracic wings without crossveins and tarsal formula of 5-5-4. Neorrhipidius seicherti sp. n. differs from Quasipirhidius luzziae sp. n. by the presence of postocular ommatidia and by the shape of metascutellum. The distribution of fossil and extant Ripidiinae in Central America is briefly discussed. Furthermore, the frequent occurrence of Quasipirhidius luzziae sp. n. in amber as syninclusions suggests possibly unique synchronisation of emergence unknown in extant taxa or more likely intraspecific aggregative behaviour by males prior to mating with receptive females. and Jan Batelka, Michael S. Engel, Zachary H. Falin, Jakub Prokop.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

619. Two ways of finding a host: A specialist and a generalist parasitoid species (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae)

Creator:
Peters, Ralph S.
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, entomologie, Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Pteromalidae, Nasonia vitripennis, Dibrachys microgastri, parasitic wasps, specialist, generalist, locomotor activity, laboratory experiments, parasitoid life history traits, host finding, olfactory cues, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
Two closely related parasitoid wasp species with different host specificities were used for experimental studies on the biology of host finding, a crucial element of parasitoid life history: The habitat and host specialist Nasonia vitripennis and the habitat and host generalist Dibrachys microgastri (Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae). The host finding parameters tested included reaction to olfactory cues, aspects of locomotor activity, ability to locate hidden hosts and day-night-activity. The results revealed distinct interspecific differences that match the respective host and habitat ranges of the two species. In N. vitripennis host finding is dominated by olfactory reaction to hosts and host habitat, i.e., fly puparia and birds' nests. In D. microgastri olfactory cues have only a minor role. Its host finding is characterized by rapid searching at random. Both species are able to locate hidden hosts. Although still incomplete, these insights into host finding by two parasitoid species with different life history strategies indicate they can be characterized by specific combinations of behavioural host finding features. and Ralph S. Peters.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

620. Ultrafialový svět bezobratlých

Creator:
Pavel Pecháček, Stella, David, and Karel Kleisner
Format:
print
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, bezobratlí, ultrafialové záření, 2, and 59
Language:
Czech
Description:
Nowadays, increasing attention is being paid to the biological significance of UV- -reflecting patterns exposed on the outer surfaces of various organisms. UV radiation plays an important role in the communication of many species of organisms. Here we give a brief overview of the biological functions of UV reflectance in some groups of invertebrates. Special attention is paid to the role of UV reflectance in sexual selection, foraging strategies, and the evolution and ecology of a species in general. and Pavel Pecháček, David Stella, Karel Kleisner.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public