It is well known by results of Golod and Shafarevich that the Hilbert $2$-class field tower of any real quadratic number field, in which the discriminant is not a sum of two squares and divisible by eight primes, is infinite. The aim of this article is to extend this result to any real abelian $2$-extension over the field of rational numbers. So using genus theory, units of biquadratic number fields and norm residue symbol, we prove that for every real abelian $2$-extension over $\mathbb Q$ in which eight primes ramify and one of theses primes $\equiv -1\pmod 4$, the Hilbert $2$-class field tower is infinite.
Let $p_1\equiv p_2\equiv 1 \pmod 8$ be primes such that $(\frac {p_1}{p_2})=-1$ and $(\frac {2}{a+b})=-1$, where $p_1p_2=a^2+b^2$. Let ${\rm i}=\sqrt {-1}$, $d=p_1p_2$, $\Bbbk =\mathbb {Q}(\sqrt {d},{\rm i})$, $\Bbbk _2^{(1)}$ be the Hilbert 2-class field and $\Bbbk ^{(*)}=\mathbb{Q} (\sqrt {p_1},\sqrt {p_2},{\rm i})$ be the genus field of $\Bbbk $. The 2-part ${\bf C}_{{\Bbbk },2}$ of the class group of $\Bbbk $ is of type $(2,2,2)$, so $\Bbbk _2^{(1)}$ contains seven unramified quadratic extensions $\mathbb K_j/\Bbbk $ and seven unramified biquadratic extensions $\mathbb {L}_j/\Bbbk $. Our goal is to determine the fourteen extensions, the group ${\bf C}_{{\Bbbk },2}$ and to study the capitulation problem of the 2-classes of $\Bbbk $. \medskip {\it Résumé. Soient $p_1\equiv p_2\equiv 1\pmod 8$ des nombres premiers tels que, $(\frac {p_1}{p_2})=-1$ et $(\frac {2}{a+b})=-1$, où $p_1p_2=a^2+b^2$. Soient ${\rm i}=\sqrt {-1}$, $d=p_1p_2$, $\Bbbk =\mathbb {Q}(\sqrt {d},{\rm i})$, $\Bbbk _2^{(1)}$ le 2-corps de classes de Hilbert de $\Bbbk $ et $\Bbbk ^{(*)}=\mathbb{Q} (\sqrt {p_1},\sqrt {p_2},{\rm i})$ le corps de genres de $\Bbbk $. La 2-partie ${\bf C}_{{\Bbbk },2}$ du groupe de classes de $\Bbbk $ est de type $(2, 2, 2)$, par suite $\Bbbk _2^{(1)}$ contient sept extensions quadratiques non ramifiées $\mathbb K_j/\Bbbk $ et sept extensions biquadratiques non ramifiées $\mathbb {L}_j/\Bbbk $. Dans ce papier on s'intéresse à déterminer ces quatorze extensions, le groupe ${\bf C}_{{\Bbbk },2}$ et à étudier la capitulation des 2-classes d'idéaux de $\Bbbk $ dans ces extensions. and Soient $p_1\equiv p_2\equiv1\pmod8$ des nombres premiers tels que, $(\frac{p_1}{p_2})=-1$ et $(\frac2{a+b})=-1$, où $p_1p_2=a^2+b^2$. Soient $ i=\sqrt{-1}$, $d=p_1p_2$, $\Bbbk=\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{d}, i)$, $\Bbbk_2^{(1)}$ le 2-corps de classes de Hilbert de $\Bbbk$ et $\Bbbk^{(*)}=\mathbb Q(\sqrt{p_1},\sqrt{p_2}, i)$ le corps de genres de $\Bbbk$. La 2-partie $ C_{{\Bbbk},2}$ du groupe de classes de $\Bbbk$ est de type $(2, 2, 2)$, par suite $\Bbbk_2^{(1)}$ contient sept extensions quadratiques non ramifiées $\mathbb K_j/\Bbbk$ et sept extensions biquadratiques non ramifiées $\mathbb{L}_j/\Bbbk$. Dans ce papier on s'intéresse à déterminer ces quatorze extensions, le groupe $ C_{{\Bbbk},2}$ et à étudier la capitulation des 2-classes d'idéaux de $\Bbbk$ dans ces extensions.