This study presents the results of in-situ field stabilization of clay soil using Lime, Dolerite and Quartzite powders. The rock samples were collected from Oghi village and Misri Banda village of Mansehra District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan. A 415m2site comprised of loose clay in village of Haripur district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was selected for field stabilization. In order to implement the experimental plan, eight test pits were dug and soil samples were collected from each pit to determine their major geotechnical properties. The raw soil contained Kaolinite, Illite and Montmorillonite and hence characterized as CH type according to the Unified Classification System. Later, different amounts of Lime were added to the retrieved samples and it was found that an addition of 6% Lime causes significant impact on soil properties. Following a steady augment by 10%, a maximum of 30% Dolerite and Quartzite powder were separately mixed with each of the 6% Lime-added soil samples. The resulting mixed soils were placed back into their respective pits and compacted slightly using compaction vibrator. and Standard penetration, field density and plate load tests were performed on each test pit. Finally, soil samples were extracted from all the test pits and the values of their direct shear box and Atterberg limits were measured. The results demonstrate that the addition of Dolerite and Quartzite leads to a significant increase in the bearing capacity, dry density, penetration resistance and angle of internal friction and thus improves the performance of the formerly Lime-stabilized soil by drastically decreasing its compressibility. The resulting improvement is mainly due to the denser and less hydrophilic character of the constituents of the added rock powders as compared with the Lime and raw soil. It has also been found that the magnitude of impact on the soil properties by Dolerite and Quartzite is notably different owing to the difference in mineralogical composition and physical characteristics of individual minerals present both rock types. This study would help construction engineers for better soil treatment.
Rozchod rodičů je proces, který dlouhodobě ovlivňuje životy všech zúčastněných. Cílem studie je popsat rozchod rodičů z pohledu dítěte. Vnímání rodiny dětmi jsme zkoumali pomocí metody FAST. Děti stavěly typickou, ideální a konfliktní reprezentaci rodiny. Porovnávali jsme skupinu 15 dětí v situaci rozchodu rodičů a skupinu 19 dětí ve stabilním rodinném prostředí bez vážných rodičovských konfliktů, průměrný věk dětí z obou skupin je 9,5 let (rozpětí 5-15 let). Zajímali jsme se o členství v rodině, kohezi a popis konfliktů v rodině. Děti v situaci rozchodu rodičů popisovaly nižší kohezi nejenom ve vztahu mezi rodiči, ale i mezi sebou a oběma rodiči. To je v souladu se zjištěními, která poukazují na horší kvalitu rodičovství po rozchodu rodičů. Děti, jejichž rodiče se v době sběru dat rozcházeli, zahrnovaly do rodiny příbuzné nad rámec primární rodiny. Členství těchto lidí v rodině ale nebylo trvalé. Zdá se, že tyto děti hledají oporu v dalších vztazích v širší rodině, nebo nahrazují kvalitu (zhoršení vztahů po rozchodů rodičů) kvantitou ve vztazích. Popisují také rodinné konflikty s horším výsledkem a nepopisují účinné strategie řešení konfliktů. and The divorce of parents is a situation which in the long term affects life of everyone involved. The aim of this study is to describe the parents’ divorce from the child’s point of view. The perception of the family by children was examined by the FAST method. The children presented a typical, an ideal and a conflict representation of the family. We compared the group of 15 children in a divorce situation with the group of 19 children in stable family environment without significant parental conflicts. The average age of children in both groups was 9,5 years (range 5 – 15 years). We were interested in the family members, cohesion and the description of family conflicts. Children in parents’ divorce described a lower cohesion not only in the parents’ relationship but also between themselves and both parents. This supports the spillover concept in the family and is in harmony with findings, which point out the inferior quality of parenthood after the divorce. Children, whose parents were in the process of divorce during the collecting of data, included into the family also relatives outside the primary family. However, their membership in the family was not permanent. It seems that these children are seeking for support in relationships within the extended family or they substitute the quality (the worsening of quality after the divorce) by quantity in relationships. They also describe family conflicts with worse results, and they don’t describe effective strategies of solving conflicts.