In the existential sentences of Slavonic languages we can find some interesting deviations from the basic type of Indo-European sentences, ie. "Nominative + concordant Verb", for instance Genitive of negation; in some, especially South Slavonic languages there are examples of the main nominal part of positive existential sentence (ie. name of the existing entity) in Genitive or even (as in Slovenian povsod jo je) in Accusative. These deviations can be of interest for the study of the development of Indo-European syntax, as Miklosich and Potebnya already in the 19th century observed. Relevant in this aspect also is the opposition between autosemantic (existential or possessive) esse and (zero or non zero) copula. This phenomena are here studied from the standpoint of the general opposition between polymorphic and monomorphic structures of the syntactical system.
Das tschechische Adjektiv ryzí, ursprünglich 'rotbraun, fuchsrot', hat die Bedeutung 'pur, ohne Beimischung' (besonders von Gold) wahrscheinlich unter dem Einfluss der mitellateinischen Wortverbindung aurum obrissum/obrizum 'pures Gold' gewonnen; etymologisch unklares lat. Adjektiv obrissum wird nämlich durch Volksetymologie mit lat. russus 'rot' verbunden. Im gegenwärtigen Tschechischen hat Adj. ryzí die ursprüngliche Bedeutung 'rotbraun' ganz verloren.
Church Slavonic sanĭ, snŭ, sanŭ 'dragon (= devil)' is used in the translation of Isaiah´s Prophecy (Is 27,1) instead of Greek ofis 'snake'. In both cases these are substitutions of a taboo term for devil. And the word sanĭ, which is etymologically less clear, can be a shortened version of (due to de-tabooing) a taboo word sotona, satana 'adversary of God (= devil)'.
Le prologue de Stanislave a le caractère des prologues entiers et contient de biographies (itija) avec les informations de tous les jours et de tous les mois de l'année. Il fait partie des prologues de rédaction B. Du point de vue linguistique, ce texte est l'exemple typique, ou l'on rencontre, d'une part, la tradition et le respect des anciens normes canoniques d'Ohrid, et, d'autre part, les innovations sur les plans de la phonologie, de l'orthographe, de la morphologie et de la morpho-syntaxe. Dans cet exposé nous analysons les couches lexiques du texte. A part le couches le plus anciens comme le macédonismes du sud, les pré-slavismes et les moravismes dans ce prologue nous rencontrons une couche lexique plus récente avec des russismes et des macédonismes. Les calques sont modérement présentés. Cela montre que les personnes qui recopiaient le texte avaient un rapport conscient envers la langue et qu'ils s'efforçaient a traduire les mots étrangers. Ces innovations caractéristiques seulement pour ce texte représentent une couche importante dans le prologue de Stanislave.
Das Probem der semantischen Motiviertheit defekter grammatischen Wortklassen wird am Beispiel der russischen, tschechischen und deutschen pluralia tantum, der Bennenungen für paarige und komplexe Artefakte untersucht. Die Ikonizität der Grammatik in Bezug auf Semantik wird unter Frage gestellt. Die plurale Flexion der slavischen pluralia tantum wird sowohl als grammatischer Marker (standartes Grammem) für Mehrzahl betrachtet, als auch als kollektiver Wortbildungsmarker (nichtstandartes Derivatum). Entgegengesetze Merchanismen der Auflösung dieses widersprüchlichen Status werden dargestellt, mit dem Fokus auf Singularisierungsprozesse in nichtkodifizierten Sprachformen (vgl. tschech. cvikačka, klešť, váha, hrabice, pouto).
The Czech-Jewish community in Bohemia and Moravia used in its sociolect a lot of specific lexical elements. One of them is also the lexeme podzelená (as Czech term for the religious holiday sukkoth, i.e. the Jewish Feast of Tabernacles, sometimes also for the ritual hut sukkah itself) that is missing in prestigious Czech dictionaries It emerged - in a very exceptional and rare way - from the prepositional elliptical collocation pod zelenou,. It appears already in the oldest Czech translation of siddur in 1847, and also relatively profusely in the texts of Jewish origin (primarily of the Czech-Jewish assimilative orientation) as late as the holocaust period. In post-war decades, this term was finally replaced by the word sukot (indeclinable plural in Czech) as a consequence of a new cultural situation in the Czech Judaism (the arrival of new members from Ruthenia and Slovakia to Czech Jewish communities, shift to orthodoxy, regeneration of the knowledge of Hebrew, cultural orientation to Israel).
The paper focuses on the field of new borrowings from the English language to the Czech, Russian and Bulgarian languages. It analyses the influence the huge amounts of loan-words, borrowed from English in the last 20 years, might have on the receiving languages. It inquires whether these loan-words can influence the typology of the receiving languages and to what extent. In this way, within the research of synchronous dynamics, the work contributes to the study of innovation processes, conditioned by the interlingual contacts.
The semantic development or dispertion of polysemy causes the homonymy not only within the ambit of one language but also in the vocabulary of two or more genetically cognate languages, which also is the case of Slovene and Slovak. The Slovenian-Slovak homonymy is mostly based on the originally polysemic words (in Proto-Slavic), cf. Sln. otrok 'child' - Slk. otrok 'slave'; Sln. povoziti 'run over (by a car)' - Slk. povoziť 'drive', 'cart'. This is the homogeneous interlingustic homonymy. The less numerous group of interlinguistic Slovenian-Slovak homonymy by heterogeneous homonyms, which in fact are homonymous coincidentally, cf. Sln. kanec 'drop' - Slk. Kanec 'boar'; Sln. tuliti 'hawl' - Slk. tuliť 'hug'.