INTRODUCTION: The male:female ratio at birth (male births divided by total live births - M/T) has been shown to increase in response to ionizing radiation due to gender-biased fetal loss, with excess female loss. M/T rose sharply in 1987 in central-eastern European countries following the Chernobyl accident in 1986. This study analyses M/T and births for the former Soviet Republics and for the countries most contaminated by the event. METHODS: Annual birth data was obtained from the World Health Organisation. The countries with the highest exposure levels (by 137Cs) were identified from an official publication of the International Atomic Energy Agency. All of the former Soviet states were also analysed and the periods before and after 1986 were compared. RESULTS: Except for the Baltic States, all regions in the former USSR showed a significant rise in M/T from 1986. There were significant rises in M/T in the three most exposed (Belarus, Ukraine and the Russian Federation). The birth deficit in the post-Soviet states for the ten years following Chernobyl was estimated at 2,072,666, of which 1,087,924 are accounted by Belarus and Ukraine alone. DISCUSSION: Chernobyl has resulted in the loss of millions of births, a process that has involved female even more than male fetuses. This is another and oft neglected consequence of widespread population radiation contamination. and V. Grech
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal problems among Czech dentists and to analyze the factors that affect these disorders. Information was gathered through questionnaire completed by 581 physicians. The questionnaire ascertained general information about physicians including their work habits and the characteristics of their work environment along with the occurrence of musculoskeletal problems as well as their intensity. In the past year the occurrence of at least mild difficulties associated with the locomotive system was reported by 96.9% of dentists surveyed (n = 557), with 66.3% of respondents (n = 381) reporting difficulties ofa moderate or major nature. Most respondents of both sexes indicated neck pain. A statistically significant correlation with the occurrence of musculoskeletal complaints of medium and major intensity was demonstrated for the following factors: sex, age, running a private practice, past injury or musculoskeletal diseases, and the perception of work as psychologically demanding. Musculoskeletal disorders in dentists in Czech Republic are relatively frequent and serious health problem. The causes of these diseases must be identified and appropriate preventive interventions undertaken that will contribute to a reduction in the incidence of these problems. and Z. Sustová, L. Hodacová, M. Kapitán
This work presents a summary of current knowledge on the laboratory diagnosis of periodontitis. It focuses on the theoretical foundations and is supplemented with new knowledge. It subsequently describes specifically the laboratory diagnosis methods of periodontitis: the protein expression of inflammation, oral microbiology and molecular diagnostics. Periodontitis is a serious disease worldwide and its confirmed association with systemic diseases means its severity is increasing. Its laboratory diagnosis has the potential to rise to the level of clinical and diagnostic imaging. The transfer of diagnostic methods from laboratory to clinical use is increasingly used in the prevention and monitoring of the exacerbation and treatment of periodontal disease, as well as of its impact on systemic disease. and B. Bolerázska, M. Mareková, N. Markovská
V letech 1991 až 2009 bylo v České republice ohlášeno 1 038 případů profesních nádorových onemocnění. Dlouhodobý trend byl sestupný, v 95 % byli postiženi muži. Střední věk při zjištění diagnózy zhoubného novotvaru byl 67 let. Převažoval profesní zhoubný novotvar průdušek a plic před difúzním mezoteliomem pleury a peritonea, následovaly nádory močového měchýře a kůže. Jako příčina zhoubných novotvarů dominovalo ionizující záření, 77 % osob postižených profesními nádory pracovalo při těžbě nebo úpravě uranové rudy. Autoři se zabývají zásadami diagnostiky i příčinami malého počtu uznaných nádorových onemocnění za nemoci z povolání. Autoři upozorňují, že seznam nemocí z povolání byl od července 2011 rozšířen o další zhoubné novotvary a je i širší možnost je uznat za profesní novotvary, které jsou způsobeny chemickými karcinogeny., The authors have undertaken the analysis of all cases of occupational malignant neoplasmas which were reported in the National Register of Occupational Diseases in the Czech Republic. In the years 1991–2009, 1038 occupationally-related tumour diseases have been notified. The trend was decreasing, males were affected in 95 %. The mean age of persons at diagnosing malignant neoplasma was 67 years. The occupational malignant neoplasm of bronchi and lunge prevaleid, followed by the diffuse mesothelioma of pleura or peritoneum, neoplasms of an urinary bladder and skin. Ionizing radiation dominated as the cause of malignant tumours in 77 % affected persons worked at mining and manufacturing uranium ore. The authors deal with current review attitudes and opinions of experts on principles of diagnostics of occupational malignant tumours. In the conclusions the authors analyze the cause of decreasing tendency in the number of notified occupational diseases. They inform which new malignant neoplasmas are included in the List of occupational diseases, and can be accepted as occupational diseases from 1 July 2011., Petr Brhel, Zdeňka Fenclová, Markéta Petrovová, and Lit.: 32
Evropa je regionem s nejvyšším výskytem neinfekčních onemocnění hromadného výskytu. Kardiovaskulární onemocnění patří mezi hlavní příčiny nemocnosti a úmrtnosti. Interakce mezi skladbou stravy, životním stylem a metabolizmem lipidů významně ovlivňují rozvoj aterosklerózy a jejích komplikací. Mortalita na ischemickou chorobu srdeční (ICHS) se v poslední dekádě 20. století výrazně snížila. Významné a pozitivní změny ve stravovacích návycích, zejména snížení příjmu nasycených mastných kyselin a jejich záměna za polynenasycené, přispěly ke snížení sérové hladiny cholesterolu v populaci. Pokles mortality na ICHS významně souvisel s vývojem tohoto rizikového faktoru, který nelze vysvětlit rozvojem farmakoterapie. Česká republika není jedinou zemí, v níž byly podobné změny stravovacích návyků ve vztahu k úmrtnosti na ICHS zaznamenány. Zlepšení stravovacích návyků se zdá být jednou z nejdůležitějších strategií v prevenci kardiovaskulárních onemocnění., Europe is a region, which is most severely affected by non-communicable diseases. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of disability and death. Complex interactions between diet, lifestyle, and lipoprotein metabolism significantly contribute to the development of atherosclerosis and its complications. Role of diet in prevention of coronary heart disease becomes sometime underestimated in comparison with pharmacological treatment. Coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality has declined substantially in the Czech Republic in the last decade of the 20th century. Significant and positive dietary changes, mainly reduction of saturated fatty acids intake and its replacement by polyunsaturated fatty acids, contributed to decline of the average serum cholesterol level in population. Fall in CHD mortality was attributable to reduction in this major cardiovascular risk factor and not driven by pharmacological intervention. The Czech Republic is not the only country where similar trends have been recorded. Improvements in dietary habits seem to be one of the most important strategies in cardiovascular disease prevention, and Jiří Brát, Michal Vrablík, Otto Herber