identity is and how it works. In recent years scholars have started to overcome the ‘introduction to ethnicity’ syndrome - whereby recent anthropological developments are acknowledged and then disregarded when carrying out the analysis -, shedding light on new perspectives which enlighten our understanding of ethnic identity. In this paper, we not only revise these new approaches, but offer two novel case-studies: the Treveri from Late Iron Age Gaul and the Igaeditani from Roman Lusitania. and Pro studium etnicity prostřednictvím archeologie je třeba v první řadě plně chápat, co tato forma identity je a jak funguje. V posledních letech vědci začínají překonávat syndrom ‚úvodu do etnicity‘ – v jehož rámci se sice hlásí k nejnovějším antropologickým poznatkům, ale ve vlastní analýze je nezohledňují – a odhalují nové perspektivy, které informují naše chápání etnické identity. V tomto článku nejen revidujeme tyto nové přístupy, ale také předložíme dvě inovativní případové studie: Treveri z pozdní doby železné v Galii a Igaeditani z římské Lusitanie.
In this discussion of the otherwordly current of landscape vision in Six Dynasties Chinese poetry, I have attempted to outline the features and order of the world beyond and at the same time to demonstrate how it has enriched the early medieval perception of earthly nature. The merging of the otherwordly realms of the immortals, the mountain worlds of hermits, and the temporal landscapes of nature poetry make one question the legitimacy of the established generic categorizations: should paradise descriptions be regarded as aspects of the youxian subgenre or as a variety of landscape poetry? Apparently they are both, and the worlds of immortals and ot the mountains and rivers are much closer than the accepted classification would suggest. The interplay between real and transcendental landscape poses the question of whether many aspects of the poetry on mountains and rivers are more than poetic embellishments, or whether they are in fact features of the inverted world of paradise.