We study the system of PDEs describing unsteady flows of incompressible fluids with variable density and non-constant viscosity. Indeed, one considers a stress tensor being a nonlinear function of the symmetric velocity gradient, verifying the properties of $p$-coercivity and $(p-1)$-growth, for a given parameter $p > 1$. The existence of Dirichlet weak solutions was obtained in [2], in the cases $p \ge 12/5$ if $d = 3$ or $p \ge 2$ if $d = 2$, $d$ being the dimension of the domain. In this paper, with help of some new estimates (which lead to point-wise convergence of the velocity gradient), we obtain the existence of space-periodic weak solutions for all $p \ge 2$. In addition, we obtain regularity properties of weak solutions whenever $p \ge 20/9$ (if $d = 3$) or $p \ge 2$ (if $d = 2$). Further, some extensions of these results to more general stress tensors or to Dirichlet boundary conditions (with a Newtonian tensor large enough) are obtained.
In this article we prove for $1<p<\infty $ the existence of the $L^p$-Helmholtz projection in finite cylinders $\Omega $. More precisely, $\Omega $ is considered to be given as the Cartesian product of a cube and a bounded domain $V$ having $C^1$-boundary. Adapting an approach of Farwig (2003), operator-valued Fourier series are used to solve a related partial periodic weak Neumann problem. By reflection techniques the weak Neumann problem in $\Omega $ is solved, which implies existence and a representation of the $L^p$-Helmholtz projection as a Fourier multiplier operator.