Combining a biotin-enrichment protocol and 454GS-FLX titanium pyrosequencing technology, we characterised 22 polymorphic microsatellite loci from the parasitic wasp, Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a cosmopolitan species commonly used in biological control against a wide range of both major lepidopterous pests of stored products and field crops in different parts of the world. Three multiplex PCR sets were optimised and characterised across 46 H. hebetor specimens from two samples collected from millet fields in Niger. Two to 11 alleles were found per locus and observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.289 to 0.826. Polymorphism was detected in both samples with a similar level of observed heterozygosity (0.482 vs. 0.502) and number of alleles (4.1 vs. 3.6). Deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was detected at the same five loci in both samples and five or seven more loci in each sample but was not associated with heterozygote deficiencies. Even though evidence for linkage disequilibrium was found between a few alleles, these new loci segregated independently. The variability of the 22 loci will enable estimates of genetic diversity and structure patterns, as well as gene flow between H. hebetor populations at different spatial scales. Cross-species amplifications were successful among the six Bracon spp. tested and nine loci will be particularly appropriate for population genetic studies in B. brevicornis., Madougou Garba, Anne Loiseau, Laure Benoit, Nathalie Gauthier., and Obsahuje bibliografii
A novel panel of 16 microsatellite markers, obtained by pyrosequencing of enriched genomic libraries, is reported for the flightless European bushcricket Ephippiger diurnus (Dufour) (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). Five multiplex and one simplex PCR protocols were optimized, and the polymorphism at the 16 loci was assessed in two natural populations from southern France. The mean allele number and (expected mean heterozygosity) were 8.94 (0.71) and 6.57 (0.70), respectively, in each population. Several loci were at Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium (HWD), possibly due to the incidence of null alleles. The occurrence of null alleles has been previously reported for this species, and it is a common feature of microsatellite loci in Orthoptera. Cross-amplification tests demonstrated the transferability of some of these loci to other ephippigerine species. The microsatellite loci reported here substantially increase the number of available loci for this species and will afford an accurate picture of E. diurnus phylogeography, the genetic structure of its populations, and an improved understanding of the evolution of male song and other sexually-selected traits in this highly variable species., Yareli Esquer-Garrigos, Michael D. Greenfield, Virginie Party, Réjane Streiff., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Současná biologie se bouřlivě rozvíjí v oblasti genomiky. Tyto přístupy pronikají stále více do ekologie i evoluční biologie. Vznikl nový obor populační genomika, který propojuje terénní a laboratorní biologii. Využívá nové metodiky sekvenování a bioinformatických analýz, které v tomto článku stručně popisujeme a vysvětlujeme., Genomics is a rapidly developing field of modern biology. Novel genomic approaches are increasingly utilized in ecology and evolutionary biology. Population genomics has been recently established as a new discipline, connecting field and laboratory biology. It uses new sequencing methods as well as bioinformatic analyses, briefly described and explained in this article., and Helena Štorchová.
Genomická a transkriptomická studia u dvou druhů bublinatky (Utricularia gibba a bublinatky obecné - Utricularia vulgaris) přinesla průlomové poznatky. Ukázala, že miniaturní genom Utricularia gibba obsahuje zhruba stejný počet genů jako jiné kvetoucí rostliny a u některých genových rodin došlo k výrazné expanzi. To se týká např. genů zodpovědných za tvorbu kutikuly nebo za reakci na chitin, což souvisí s životním stylem této vodní masožravé rostliny. Současná nepřítomnost genů souvisejících s vývojem a funkcí kořene u obou druhů bublinatky naznačuje ztrátu „kořenových” genů u společného předka těchto druhů., Genomic and transcriptomic studies in Utricularia gibba and U. vulgaris have led to important discoveries. It was found that the miniature genome of U. gibba contained about the same number of genes as other angiosperms and that some gene families even expanded. For example, the genes responsible for cuticle development or the response to chitin are more numerous than in other plants, which may be related to the aquatic carnivorous lifestyle. Coincident absence of the genes associated with root development and function in U. gibba and U. vulgaris indicates the loss of the root genes already in their common ancestor., and Helena Štorchová.