Significant part of our work was developing a new type of CO2 and H2O gas exchange chambers fit for measuring stand patches. Ground areas of six chambers (ranged between 0.044-4.531 m2) constituted a logarithmic series with doubling diameters from 7.5 to 240.0 cm. We demonstrate one of the first results for stand net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) rates and temporal variability for two characteristic Central European grassland types: loess and sand. The measured mean NEE rates and their ranges in these grasslands were similar to values reported in other studies on temperate grasslands. We also dealt with the spatial scale dependence from ecophysiological point of view. Our chamber-series measurement was performed in a perennial ruderal weed association. The variability of CO2-assimilation of this weed vegetation showed clear spatial scale-dependence. We found the lowest variability of the vegetation photosynthesis at the small-middle scales. The results of spatial variability suggest the 0.2832 m2 patch size is the characteristic unit of the investigated weed association and there is a kind of synphysiological minimi-area with characteristic size for each vegetation type. and Sz. Czóbel ... [et al.].
The aim of this study was to evaluate an efficiency of clay minerals (kaolinite, illite, Na- and Ca-montmorillonite) in alleviating the water repellency of stearic acid sand during the course of long-term hot and dry spell. This spell was simulated by prolonged drying (incubation) of the samples in oven at 50°C. It was found that the kaolinite addition resulted in a drop in the persistence of water repellency of the stearic acid sand. On the contrary, the Ca-montmorillonite addition increased markedly the persistence of water repellency of the stearic acid sand. In most cases, the illite addition resulted in an increase in the persistence of water repellency, even though not so markedly as it was in the case of Ca-montmorillonite addition. In the case of Na-montmorillonite addition, the striking drop in the persistence of water repellency of the stearic acid sand was registered only after lowering the moisture below 5 %. An increase in the persistence of water repellency of the sand-clay mixture with an increase in the clay amount is another interesting finding, observed in case of kaolinite and Ca-montmorillonite. and Cieľom tejto štúdie bolo zhodnotenie efektívnosti ílových minerálov (kaolinitu, illitu, Na- a Camontmorillonitu) pri znižovaní stálosti vodoodpudivosti piesku pokrytého kyselinou stearovou počas dlhého suchého a teplého obdobia, simulovaného inkubáciou vzoriek pri teplote 50 °C. Zistili sme, že pridanie kaolinitu výrazne znížilo stálosť vodoodpudivosti piesku pokrytého kyselinou stearovou prakticky počas celého cyklu sušenia. Pridanie Ca-montmorillonitu naopak stálosť vodoodpudivosti piesku pokrytého kyselinou stearovou výrazne zvýšilo. Pridanie illitu vo väčšine prípadov zvýšilo stálosť vodoodpudivosti piesku pokrytého kyselinou stearovou, aj keď nie tak výrazne ako pridanie Ca-montmorillonitu. V prípade pridania Na-montmorillonitu sme výrazné zníženie vodoodpudivosti piesku pokrytého kyselinou stearovou zaznamenali až po poklese vlhkosti vzorky pod 5 %. Ďalším zaujímavým poznatkom je vzrast vodoodpudivosti so zvyšujúcim se obsahom ílu, ktorý sme zaregistrovali v prípade kaolinitu a Ca-montmorillonitu.
Today, the use of waste tires mixed with soil has been expanded in various geotechnical projects to absorb and reduce the vibration caused by seismic and dynamic loads. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the dynamic properties of such mixtures prior to practical applications. To this reason, 1-g shaking table tests were carried out, and the effects of important parameter like loading frequency on the dynamic behavior of mixtures were investigated. Tire powders were added to the sand with 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% in gravimetric basis and with a relative density of zero were subjected to sinusoidal loading at frequencies of 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 9 Hz and input acceleration of 0.1g and 0.3g. The results showed that in all cases, the increase in frequency in the same cycles increased the shear modulus and the damping ratio. Also, with increasing shear strain, the shear modulus of the mixture decreased, but the damping ratio increased. On the other hand, by increasing the tire powder, the value of the shear modulus is reduced, but the amount of damping ratio is increased.
První díl dvoudílného seriálu článků o mořském a pobřežním prostředí Helského poloostrova ležícího v Baltském moři přináší ucelené informace o samotném městě a historii poloostrova. Dále se čtenáři seznámí s přírodními poměry poloostrova včetně obecného popisu života v Baltském moři. Mimo to jsou obsahem příspěvku také informace o výzkumné stanici Gdaňské Univerzity, na které autoři tohoto příspěvku pobývali dva týdny v roce 2013 a prováděli výzkumy, o jejichž výsledcích pojednává druhý díl seriálu., This is the first article of a two-part series about the sea and coastal area of the Hel Peninsula, which is located in the Baltic Sea. It provides information about the history of the town and the peninsula, as well as an analysis of the natural habitats of the Hel Peninsula and information about Baltic Sea life. The next section deals with the authors´ two weeks of field research at the Gdansk University research station in 2013. The results of these research projects will be published in the second part of the series., and Martin Rulík, Adam Bednařík, Filip Trnka, Zdeněk Mačát.
Study is focused on the numerical modeling of fly-ash transport in three sands, which was experimentally studied in the laboratory. Sands were packed in glass cylinders with diameter of 5.52 cm and height of 18 cm. Sands were also packed in plastic cylinders with diameter of 30 cm and height of 40 cm. The fly-ash and pulse infiltrations were applied on the top of all cylinders. Visually observed and gravimetrically evaluated fly-ash migration in small cylinders corresponded to fly-ash mobility in large columns detected using the SM400 Kappameter. The HYDRUS-1D code was used to simulate observed fly-ash transport. Parameters of soil hydraulic functions were either obtained using the Tempe cells and the RETC program or estimated using numerical inversion of transient water flow data measured in both types of columns using HYDRUS-1D. Parameters characterizing colloid transport in sands were then estimated from the final fly-ash distribution in sandy columns using attachment/detachment concept in HYDRUS-1D. Fly-ash mobility increased with increasing sand particle sizes, e.g. pore sizes. Particle sizes and pore water velocity influenced the attachment coefficient, which was calculated assuming filtration theory. The same longitudinal dispersivity, sticking efficiency and detachment coefficient sufficiently characterized fly-ash behavior in all sands. and Studie je zaměřena na numerické modelování transportu úletového popílku ve třech píscích, který byl experimentálně studován v laboratoři. Písky byly nahutněny ve skleněných válcích o průměru 5,52 cm a výšce 18 cm. Písky byly také nahutněny v plastových válcích o průměru 30 cm a výšce 40 cm. Na povrchu válců byly aplikovány jednorázové infiltrace vody s popílkem. Migrace úletového popílku pozorovaná vizuálně a zjištěná gravimetricky v malých válcích odpovídala mobilitě úletového popílku detekované Kappametrem SM400 ve velkých válcích. Pozorovaný transport úletového popílku byl simulován programem HYDRUS-1D. Parametry hydraulických funkcí byly získány buď pomocí Tempských cel a programu RETC nebo odhadovány numerickou inverzí transientních data měřených na obou typech válců programem HYDRUS-1D. Parametry charakterizující transport koloidů v píscích byly potom odhadovány z konečné distribuce úletového popílku v písčitých sloupcích užitím konceptu attachment/detachment (připojení/odpojení) v programu HYDRUS-1D. Mobilita úletového popílku se zvyšovala se zvyšující se velikostí písčitých zrn, tj. s velikostí pórů. Velikost zrn a pórová rychlost ovlivnila depoziční (attachment) koeficient, který byl počítán na základě filtrační teorie. Stejné hodnoty podélné disperze, efektivity blokování (sticking efficiency) a mobilizačního (detachement) koeficientu charakterizovaly chování úletového popílku ve všech píscích.
Wormlion larvae are found in substrates consisting of fine sand or powder, implying that they may be able to distinguish between different substrates according to particle size. To estimate the effects of particle size on wormlions, the pit-building decision of the larvae of the wormlion Vermileo vermileo was observed in four substrates consisting of different sand fractions. Wormlion larvae prefer the finest sand fraction with particle size <= 230 µm. When wormlions (Vermileo vermileo) and antlions (Euroleon nostras) are placed in the same container with two different substrates, interspecific predation does not occur. In two-substrate choice tests larvae of the two species show opposite preferences for two substrates offered. While wormlion larvae readily build pits in the finest sand fraction (<= 230 µm), antlion larvae prefer coarser sand (with particle size 230-540 µm). Wormlion preference for the finest sands and powders, and antlion preference for sands of medium particle size was confirmed by field observations. Sand particle size affects the spatial distribution of sand-dwelling insect larvae and thus may reduce conflicts between heterospecifics.
Dynamic soil properties are important parameters for the design of structures subjected to various dynamic/cyclic loading such as earthquake which can be obtained by in situ and laboratory measurements. Numerous empirical and mathematical models have been proposed to predict the dynamic properties of soils, including maximum shear modulus (Gmax), normalized shear modulus (G/Gmax - γ) curve, reference shear strain (γr), minimum damping ratio (Dmin) and damping ratio (D - γ) curve. However, the majority of the existing models were proposed for specific soil types, loading characteristics, initial soil fabrics and strain ranges. This paper proposes five universal models to estimate the Gmax, γr and Dmin values, and also G/Gmax - γ and D - γ curves using a database that contains 117 tests on 5 different granular soils. The proposed models include the effect of grading characteristics, void ratio, mean effective confining pressure, consolidation stress ratio (KC) and specimen preparation method. The models are validated using experimental data from previous studies for granular soils. The results indicate that the proposed models are capable of evaluating the dynamic properties of granular soil., Meysam Bayat., and Obsahuje bibliografii