In this review the authors outline traditional antiresorptive pharmaceuticals, such as bisphosphonates, monoclonal antibodies against RANKL, SERMs, as well as a drug with an anabolic effect on the skeleton, parathormone. However, there is also a focus on non-traditional strategies used in therapy for osteolytic diseases. The newest antiosteoporotic pharmaceuticals increase osteoblast differentiation via BMP signaling (harmine), or stimulate osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells through Wnt/β-catenin (icarrin, isoflavonoid caviunin, or sulfasalazine). A certain promise in the treatment of osteoporosis is shown by molecules targeting non-coding microRNAs (which are critical for osteoclastogenesis) or those stimulating osteoblast activity via epigenetic mechanisms. Vitamin D metabolites have specific antiosteoporotic potencies, modulating the skeleton not only via mineralization, but markedly also through the direct effects on the bone microstructure., I. Zofkova, J. Blahos., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Autoři pojednávají o vitamínu D, který má mezi ostatními vitamíny specifické postavení, poněkud z jiného úhlu pohledu. Přibližují jeho evoluční původ a historii jeho objevování. Nedostatek vitaminu D vyvolává křivici, nemoc, která je doložena už od starověku. V této souvislosti upozorňují autoři na světově uznávané zásluhy významného, dnes už téměř zapomenutého českého vědce E. H. Kodíčka. Přehledně také popisují metabolismus a transport vitaminu D v organismu a upozorňují, že vitamin D také hraje důležitou úlohu při vzniku chronických nesdělných chorob, jejichž počet celosvětově stále vzrůstá., The authors discuss vitamin D, which has a special position among vitamins, from a somewhat different perspective. They clarify its evolutionary origin and the history of its discovery. A deficiency of vitamin D causes rickets, a disease that has been documented since antiquity. In this context, the authors draw attention to a nearly forgotten Czech scientist E. H. Kodíček of significant merit. They also briefly describe the metabolism and transport of vitamin D in the body and point out that vitamin D also plays an important role in the development of non-communicable chronic diseases, the number of which is increasing worldwide., and Petr Šíma, Bohumil Turek.
Druhé pokračování o významu vitaminu D pro zdraví člověka (první bylo publikováno v Živě 4/2015) se zabývá jeho úlohou, kterou hraje v imunitě. Donedávna se nepředpokládalo, že by vitamin D mohl podmiňovat také imunitní procesy. Během posledních let se však nashromáždil dostatečný počet experimentálních i klinických studií, které dokládají, že při jeho nedostatečném příjmu dochází k poklesu zejména antiinfekční imunity, a souběžně s tím stoupá také riziko vzniku nesdělných onemocnění. Účelem tohoto sdělení není vyčerpávající informace o mechanismech jeho působen na imunitní systém, ale upozornění pro specialisty i laiky na tuto důležitou, ale prozatím opomíjenou problematiku., This is a further continuation of an 8/2015 article about the importance of vitamin D to the health of human beings (the first was published in Živa 4/2015). The article deals with the role that the vitamin plays in immunity. Until recently, it was not assumed that vitamin D could also be conditional upon immune processes and that it determines the correct function of both natural and adaptive immunity. In recent years, however, a sufficient number of experimental and clinical studies have accumulated, providing evidence that insufficient intake of vitamin D could not only induce decreased immunity to infection but also contribute substantially to an increased risk of non-communicable diseases. The purpose of this communication is not exhaustive information on the mechanisms of vitamin D effects on the immune system, but as an alert to specialists and laymen on hitherto neglected issues., and Petr Šíma, Bohumil Turek.
In women with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis and vitamin D deficiency we have found reference levels of relevant metabolichormonal parameters except for parathormone and total calcium. Three months supplementation with vitamin D (4300 IU/day, cholekalciferol) did not lead to significant changes of investigated hormonal parameters, while the levels of parathormone and calcium reached normal levels. However, a correlation analysis revealed marked changes in mutual relations. First, an inverse correlation of vitamin D with parathormone, insulin secretion (C peptide, insulin) and its efficiency (HOMA IR) disappeared. Relationships of vitamin D to hepatic insulin resistance (insulin/C peptide), to DHEA (both negative), and to DHEAS/DHEA ratio (positive) were newly found. Second, a positive correlation of CRP with insulin secretion remained, while its relation to insulin efficiency (HOMA IR, insulin/ C peptide) was newly observed. Analogical positive correlations appeared also among anti TPO and insulinemia, insulin/C peptide, HOMA IR, and anti Tg to C peptide. A relationship of the CRP with anti TPO became significant (+). Third, out of glucose metabolism parameters only insulin/C peptide and glycemia did not correlate with vitamin D during its deficiency, while after supplementation insulin/ C peptide alone correlated positively with both DHEAS and DHEA, and negatively with vitamin D., K. Vondra, R. Bílek, P. Matucha, M. Salátová, M. Vosátková, L. Stárka, R. Hampl., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Vitamin D had been for a long time investigated for its effects on bone metabolism. Recently has been observed that the incidence of some neurodevelopmental disorders (including autism) increases hand in hand with vitamin D deficiency. Indeed, vitamin D was reported to modulate the biosynthesis of neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factors; moreover, its receptor was found in the central nervous system. Vitamin D deficiency was therefore assessed as a risk factor for autism, however the biological mechanism has not yet been revealed. In our review we focused on potential connections among vitamin D, steroids and autism. Potential mechanisms of vitamin D action are also discussed., L. Máčová, M. Bičíková, D. Ostatníková, M. Hill, L. Stárka., and Obsahuje bibliografii