During the so-called normalization era between 1969 and 1989, samizdat articles and books played a significant role in the resistance. They were copied by hand, unofficially distributed at home, and smuggled out of the country. Once outside, the texts were published in magazines and broadcast on foreign radio. As a result, people in Czechoslovakia were able to hear the illegal texts from foreign broadcasts. It was mainly women who performed the tasks of copying and distributing these materials, even though such activities were illegal in Czechoslovakia at the time. Yet, the activities of women are less well known than those performed by men during the same period, despite the fact that the activities women were engaged in were more dangerous than the men’s activities. The same can be said of the women in exile who helped in these illegal activities, because as yet they have gained little recognition inside or outside the country. Women’s demands and issues were not included in Charter 77 and other civic declarations. Czech women emphasised human rights and the interests of the majority rather than particular women’s issues. The incentive to notice the role of women in the resistance movement originated mainly among women in the West. Czech women did not differentiate themselves along gender lines., Jiřina Šiklová., Obsahuje bibliografii, and Anglické resumé
Aktualita prezentuje výsek informací, s nimiž přichází druhá Monitorovací zpráva o postavení žen v české vědě. Cílem zprávy stejně jako tohoto sdělení je informovat o součaném postavení vědkyň a upozornit je na některé z jeho aspektů i na důležitost řešení problému genderové rovnosti ve vědě obecně. Jakkoli mají statistiky, kterým se článek věnuje, vypovídající hodnotu, ukazují na jeden z mnoha projevů genderové nerovnosti v české vědě., Hana Tenglerová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Sociology and sociological theory have been effective in analyzing societal and institutional conflict and violence, but less so in analyzing the specifics of interpersonal violence. This article examines the sociological significance of domestic violence. This relationship, or sometimes its neglect, is underlain by several tensions and paradoxes, which in turn have broader implications for sociology, sociological theory and social theory. These matters are examined through: the possible paradox of violence and intimacy in the phenomenon of domestic violence; the importance of the naming and framing of such violence; explanation, responsibility and agency; and gender, hegemony and discourse in men’s violence to known women, as part of a multi-faceted power approach.
Sociology and sociological theory have been effective in analyzing societal and institutional conflict and violence, but less so in analyzing the specifics of interpersonal violence. This article examines the sociological significance of domestic violence. This relationship, or sometimes its neglect, is underlain by several tensions and paradoxes, which in turn have broader implications for sociology, sociological theory and social theory. These matters are examined through: the possible paradox of violence and intimacy in the phenomenon of domestic violence; the importance of the naming and framing of such violence; explanation, responsibility and agency; and gender, hegemony and discourse in men’s violence to known women, as part of a multi-faceted power approach., Jeff Hearn., and Obsahuje použitou literaturu
This article identifies connections between the current critical condition of nature and women’s position in society. The author describes ecofeminism and situates it within the context of the feminist and environmental movements. The purpose of this article is to introduce the fundamental ideas of ecofeminism, whose underlying principle is a critique of dualistic thinking, and a critique of the application of the logic of dominance and hierarchy. The author argues how this critique is derived from feministic epistemology and goes on to explain the ecofeminist critique of dualistic thinking and hierarchy historically connected to the scientific revolution, which had a big impact on the position of women in society and the current global ecological crisis., Zora Javorská., Obsahuje bibliografii, and Anglické resumé
The article deals with changes in the social status of women, their civil rights and women's activism in iran. The text focuses primarily on the period after the establishment of the Islamic Republic and the implementation of Sharica law. The situation and the rights of women have undergone change in the past three decades in connection with politics and the interests of the Islamist regime. Because of several limitations in relation to the rights of women, Iranian women have sought to influnce public opinion and to change laws through various women's journals and also through their professions. Female politicians have tried to change the system from inside by influencing the laws concerning women's issues and they have stood as candidates in parliamentary elections, even wanting to stand as candidates in presidential elections. The growing activism of Iranian women has been obvious, expecially since the 1990s, and it reached its peak during the post-election protests of June 2009, following the allegedly manipulated presidential elections., Martina Ponížilová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rozsáhlé naučné slovníky obecného charakteru, jako jsou Ottův slovník naučný (OSN), Masarykův slovník naučný (MSN) a Ottův slovník naučný nové doby (OSN ND), byly a zůstaly reprezentativními díly ve své době dosažené úrovně vědeckého poznání, kultury i technického umu, na jejichž přípravě se podílelo mnoho předních odborníků dané doby, mezi nimiž platnými spolupracovnicemi byly ženy. Srv. v příloze seznamy spolupracovnic OSN, MSN a OSN ND. Převažujícím typem mezi 20 autorskými spolupracovnicemi OSN byly učitelky, příp. středoškolské profesorky. Ze 6 účastnících se vysokoškolaček 4 dosáhly titulu PhDr. (včetně přírodovědkyň na filozofické fakultě): Věra Marie Babáková, Marie Baborová, Klára Červenková a Albína Honzáková, 2 spolupracovnice byly v budoucnu ozdobeny tituly PhDr. h. c.: Eliška Krásnohorská a Renata Tyršová. Z 26 spolupracovnic MSN mělo nejméně 19 vysokoškolské vzdělání, z toho bylo 11 PhDr., 2 RNDr., 2 MUDr. a 1 malířka. Nejenže měly vysokoškolské vzdělání, ale 8 z nich se stalo vysokoškolskými pedagožkami, z toho 3 byly nebo se měly stát docentkami (Albína Dratvová, Flora Kleinschnitzová, Drahomíra Stránská) a 3 univerzitními profesorkami (Jindřiška Hušková-Flajšhansová, Milada Paulová, Růžena Vacková). Podíl vysokoškolsky vzdělaných žen byl výrazný rovněž mezi 50 spolupracovnicemi OSN ND, z nichž bylo 20 PhDr., 4 RNDr., 2 JUDr., 2 MUDr., 1 Ing. a 1 akad. malířka. Z autorských spolupracovnic OSN ND bylo nebo se stalo 15 vysokoškolskými pedagožkami, a to 3 jako lektorky jazyků (M. David-Vokounová, Milada Lesná-Krausová, Iza Šaunová), 1 asistentka (Pavla Antošová), 5 docentek (Marija Andrejeva, Albína Dratvová, Julie Moschelesová, Drahomíra Stránská, Jarmila Veselá) a 6 profesorek (Jindřiška Hušková-Flajšhansová, Adéla Kochanovská, Emanuela Nohejlová-Prátová, Helena Pešková, Jiřina Popelová, Růžena Vacková). Spolupracovnicemi základních českých encyklopedických děl byly veřejně činné a často vysokoškolsky vzdělané ženy, angažující se v emancipačním hnutí, některé i v politických stranách. Zásadní podíl mají učitelky a vysokoškolské pedagožky. Patří k nim průkopnické osobnosti, které jako první dosahovaly pozic dříve nemožných: Marie Baborová se stala v roce 1901 první doktorkou na české pražské univerzitě, Anděla Kozáková dosáhla v roce 1922 jako první žena doktorátu na právnické fakultě a v roce 1938 se stala první českou notářkou a zřejmě první notářkou v Evropě, Milada Paulová byla v roce 1925 vůbec první docentkou Univerzity Karlovy, a to na filozofické fakultě, a Jarmila Veselá v roce 1928 první docentkou na české právnické fakultě., Extensive encyclopedias of a general nature, such as Otto's Encyclopedia, Masaryk's Encyclopedia and Otto's New Era Encyclopedia were and remained works that represented the standard of scholarly knowledge, culture and technical skill achieved at that time, whose compilation involved many leading specialists of the day, including women among the active collaborators. We can compare the lists of women collaborators at these three encyclopedias. Predominant among the 20 women collaborating on the Otto's Encyclopedia were teachers and secondary school tutors. Of the six university graduates, four had received doctorates (including natural scientists at the Faculty of Arts): Věra Marie Babáková, Marie Baborová, Klára Červenková and Albína Honzáková, and two collaborators were to be awarded doctorates honoris causa: Eliška Krásnohorská and Renata Tyršová. Of the 26 female collaborators, the Masaryk's Encyclopedia had at least 19 university graduates, of whom 11 were PhDrs, 2 RNDrs, 2 MUDrs and 1 was an academic artist. Not only did they have a university education, but 8 of them also became university educators, of whom 3 were or were to become senior lecturers (Albína Dratvová, Flora Kleinschnitzová and Drahomíra Stránská) and 3 university professors (Jindřiška Hušková-Flajšhansová, Milada Paulová and Růžena Vacková). The share of university-educated women was also considerable among the 50 women collaborators on Otto's New Era Encyclopedia, of whom 20 were PhDrs, 4 RNDrs, 2 JUDrs, 2 MUDrs, 1 was an Ing. and 1 was an academic artist. Of the women authors collaborating on Otto's New Era Encyclopedia, 15 were or became university tutors, 3 of whom were language lectors (M. David-Vokounová, Milada Lesná-Krausová and Iza Šaunová), 1 was an assistant lecturer (Pavla Antošová), 5 were senior lecturers (Marija Andrejeva, Albína Dratvová, Julie Moschelesová, Drahomíra Stránská and Jarmila Veselá) and 6 were professors (Jindřiška Hušková-Flajšhansová, Adéla Kochanovská, Emanuela Nohejlová-Prátová, Helena Pešková, Jiřina Popelová and Růžena Vacková). Women collaborating on the key Czech encyclopedias were publicly active and often university-educated women engaged in the emancipation movement, some even in political parties. Teachers and university educators made up a substantial proportion. These include the pioneering figures that were the first to attain positions that would not previously have been possible: in 1901 Marie Baborová was made the first doctor at the Czech Prague University, in 1922 Anděla Kozáková was the first woman to receive a doctorate at the Faculty of Law and in 1938 she was made the first Czech notary and evidently the first one in Europe, too. In 1925 Milada Paulová was made the first ever senior lecturer, at Charles University Faculty of Arts, and in 1928 Jarmila Veselá became the first senior lecturer at the Czech Faculty of Law. (Translated by Melvyn Clarke), and Překlad resumé: Melvyn Clarke
The article presents an ethnographic description of a cycle of marriage rituals as observed by the author in the Minangkabau village of Sulit Air, located in West Sumatra, Indonesia and provides an interpretation of what they tell us about the networks of matrilineal kinship that crisscross the community spanning from the village to the cities where its inhabitants migrate in search of economic betterment, especially some female techniques of maintenance of these networks.
This paper explores how women’s roles and participation in resistance to Czechoslovak communism from 1968 to the Velvet Revolution serve as a base for Czech feminist thought. By examining three generations of participants through a gendered, Beauvoirian lens, the emergence of feminism can be easily charted through changing perceived gender roles and increased attention to gender issues. After the events of the Prague Spring, women from different groups of the Czechoslovak underground risked their own safety to exercise free speech and expression. Women’s struggles for greater liberties were framed by traditional gender barriers, supposed communist equality, and Western influence. To understand the experiences of female dissidents as a base for Czech feminist thought, one must examine the nature and progression of various underground communities and women’s roles within them. Since 1968, an increased emphasis on women’s freedoms and liberties has helped create a unique, local sense of femininity and feminism., Megan R. Martin., and Obsahuje bibliografii